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ANATOMY > CH 22 > Flashcards

CH 22 Flashcards

Heart

1
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Blood must be continuously circulating to maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

Components of the cardiovascular system

A
  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
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3
Q

Heart

A

Pumps blood (maintains blood circulation)

If the heart fails to pump adequate volumes of blood, cells are deprived of oxygen and nutrients, waste products accumulate, cell deaths may occur

Connects to blood vessels

Acts like 2 side-by-side pumps that work at the same time and pump the same volume of blood: One directs blood to the lungs for respiratory gas exchange, the other to body tissues for nutrient and respiratory gas delivery

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4
Q

Blood vessels

A

Transport blood between heart and all body tissues

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5
Q

Types of blood vessels

A
  • Vein
  • Artery
  • Capillary
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6
Q

Artery

A

Vessel that transports blood away from the heart

artery - a

arteries - aa.

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7
Q

Vein

A

Vessel that transports blood back to the heart

vein - v.

veins - vv.

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8
Q

Capillary

A

Smallest blood vessels; where exchange of nutrients and waste with tissue cells

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9
Q

Most arteries carry ________ blood while most veins carry ______ blood

A

oxygenated, deoxygenated

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10
Q

Great vessels

A

Arteries and veins leaving the heart; are large in diameter

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11
Q

What are the great vessels?

A
  • Aorta
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
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12
Q

Flow of blood through heart

A

Unidirectional

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13
Q

Backflow of blood is prevented by _______ within the heart

A

valve

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14
Q

Mediastinum

A

Where the heart is positioned - slightly left of the midline in the space between the lungs, in the middle of the thoracic cavity

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15
Q

The heart sits on the ____________

A

diaphragm

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16
Q

The top of the heart sits between the _______

The bottom of the heart sits at the _________

A

2nd rib

5th intercostal space (ICS): between 5th and 6th rib

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17
Q

What is located in the mediastinum?

A
  • Heart
  • Great vessels
  • Thymus gland
  • Esophagus
  • Trachea
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18
Q

Apex

A

Inferior, conical part of the heart

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19
Q

Base

A

Posterosuperior surface of the heart, primarily composed of the left atrium

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20
Q

Layers of Heart Wall

A
  • Endocardium
  • Myocardium
  • Epicardium/ visceral pericardium
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21
Q

Endocardium

A
  • Innermost layer of heart wall
  • Lines heart chambers
  • Simple squamous ET
  • Underlying areolar CT with collagen and elastic fibers
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22
Q

Trabeculae carnae

A

Folds in the ventricles

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23
Q

Myocardium

A
  • Middle layer of heart wall
  • Cardiac muscle - contraction generates force necessary to pump blood
  • Thickest layer of wall, especially in left ventricle (x3 thicker than right ventricle)
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24
Q

Epicardium AKA visceral pericardium

A
  • Outermost layer of wall
  • Serous membrane and underlying areolar tissue
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25
Q

Serous membrane

A

Secretes serous fluid and reduces friction

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26
Q

Pericardium

A
  • Tough sac that encloses the heart
  • Restricts motion so it moves slightly within the thorax
  • Reduces friction
  • Prevents heart from overfilling with blood
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27
Q

Two layers of pericardium

A
  • Fibrous pericardium
  • Serous pericardium
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28
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A
  • Outer covering of pericardium
  • Tough, dense CT
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29
Q

Serous pericardium

A
  • Inner covering of pericardium
  • Thin, double-layered serous membrane
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30
Q

Layers of serous pericardium

A
  • Parietal layer
  • Visceral layer (epicardium)
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31
Q

Parietal layer

A

Lines inner surface of fibrous pericardium

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32
Q

Visceral layer (epicardium)

A

Outer layer of pericardium; covers the heart

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33
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium

34
Q

Chambers of the heart

A
  • Two smaller, superior chambers: right and left atria
  • Two larger, inferior chambers: right and left ventricles
35
Q

Atria

A

Superior heart chambers that receives blood coming in from the body and lungs

Blood drains into ventricle on same side

36
Q

Auricle

A
  • Auricle means ear, looks like an ear
  • Wrinkled, flaplike extension on the anterior atria
  • More SA to atria
37
Q

Right atrium (RA)

A

Receives blood from systemic circulation

38
Q

Left atrium (LA)

A

Receives blood from pulmonary circulation

39
Q

The left and right atria are separated by a(n) _____________

A

interatrial septum

40
Q

Large arteries

A
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Aorta

Exit heart at superior border

41
Q

Largest artery in the body

A

Aorta

42
Q

Ventricles

A

Pump blood out to body and lungs

Both ventricles pump out the same volume of blood per minute

43
Q

The pulmonary trunk transports blood from the (left/right) ventricle into pulmonary circulation

A

right

44
Q

The aorta conducts blood from the (left/right) ventricle into systemic circulation

A

left

45
Q

The left and right ventricles are separated by a(n) ____________

A

interventricular septum

46
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

Valve separating atrium from ventricle; prevents backflow into atrium

47
Q

The right AV valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle

It is also called the _____________

A

tricuspid valve

Prevents backflow of blood into right atrium when ventricles contract

48
Q

The left AV valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle

It is also called the ___________

A

bicuspid/ mitral valve

Prevents backflow of blood into left atrium when ventricles contract

49
Q

Cusp

A

Flap of tissue that opens and closes a heart valve

50
Q

Both AV valves have __________ and _________

A

papillary muscles, chordae tendinae

51
Q

Papillary muscle

A

Cone shaped, muscular projections that anchor chordae tendinae

3 in right AV

52
Q

Chordae tendinae

A

Thin collagen strands attached to the papillary muscle and AV valves

53
Q

Shape of AV valve cusps

A

Triangular

54
Q

Semilunar valve

A

Valves with 3 half-mooned shaped cusps; prevent backflow into ventricles

55
Q

Types of semilunar valves

A
  • Pulmonary (semilunar) valve
  • Aortic (semilunar) valve
56
Q

Pulmonary (semilunar) valve

A

Separates the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Prevents backflow into right ventricle when ventricles relax

57
Q

Aortic (semilunar) valve

A

Separates the left ventricle and aorta

Prevents backflow into left ventricle when ventricles relax

58
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Division of pulmonary trunk; carries deoxygenated blood to lungs

59
Q

Major vessels that empty into the right atrium

A
  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Coronary sinus
60
Q

Superior vena cava (SVC)

A

Drains blood from head, neck, upper limbs, superior portion of trunk

61
Q

Inferior vena cava (IVC)

A

Drains blood from lower limbs and trunk

62
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Drains blood from the heart wall

63
Q

Coronary/ Atrioventricular sulcus

A

Deep groove that extends the circumference of the heart that externally separates the ventricles from the atrium

64
Q

Interventricular sulcus

A

Deep groove between the ventricles that extend inferiorly from the coronary sulcus toward the heart apex

Anterior and posterior

65
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Where oxygenated blood travels through to the left atrium following gas exchange

66
Q

Blood flow through heart

A
  • Superior and inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
  • Right atrium
  • Right atrioventricular valve
  • Right ventricle
  • Pulmonary semilunar valve
  • Pulmonary trunk and arteries
  • Gas exchange in lungs
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Left atrium
  • Left atrioventricular valve
  • Left ventricle
  • Aortic semilunar valve
  • Aorta
  • Systemic arteries
  • Gas and nutrient exchange in peripheral tissue
  • Systemic veins
  • Superior and inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
67
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Contraction of atria followed by contraction of ventricles; Results in lub-dub heart sounds

68
Q

1st heart sound

A

Result of closure of AV valves

69
Q

2nd heart sound

A

Result of closure of semilunar valves

70
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation phase of heart chamber

(dilation)

71
Q

Systole

A

Contraction phase of heart chamber

72
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Higher number (120); during LV systole

73
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Lower number (80); during LV diastole

74
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A
  • Acts as pacemaker
  • Cluster of electrically sensitive cardiac muscle cells
  • Embedded in wall of RA near opening for SVC
  • Initiates action potential, which spreads throughout atria to AV node
75
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A
  • Cluster of cardiac muscle cells in floor of RA
  • Slows action potential, allowing ventricles to fill. Delay between activation of atria and ventricles
76
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle/ Bundle of His

A

Superior aspect of interventricular septum

77
Q

Right and left bundle branches

A

Branches from Bundle of His

In interventricular septum

78
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

Conduction fibers that carry action potential to myocardium of ventricles

79
Q

Conducting system of heart

A

Specialized cardiac muscle that allows autorhythmicity

80
Q

Autorhythmicity

A

Heart itself, not external nerves are responsible for heartrate

81
Q

Coordinated sequence of heart contractions

A

1) Muscle impulse is generated at SA node and spreads throughout atria to AV nodes via internodal pathways
2) AV node delay the muscle impulse as it passes it to the Bundle of His
3) Bundle of His conducts impulse into the interventricular septum
4) Within the interventricular septum, the left and right bundles split from the Bundle of His
5) The muscle impulse is delivered to Purkinje fibers in each ventricle and distributed throughout the ventricular myocardium

1) SA node generates an impulse
2) Both atria contract almost simultaneously (systole) while the ventricles relax (diastole)
3) Impulse goes to the AV node then to ventricles
4) Ventricles contract (systole) while atria relax (diastole)

ANATOMY (23 decks)

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