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CH 22 Flashcards

Heart

1
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Blood must be continuously circulating to maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

Components of the cardiovascular system

A
  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
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3
Q

Heart

A

Pumps blood (maintains blood circulation)

If the heart fails to pump adequate volumes of blood, cells are deprived of oxygen and nutrients, waste products accumulate, cell deaths may occur

Connects to blood vessels

Acts like 2 side-by-side pumps that work at the same time and pump the same volume of blood: One directs blood to the lungs for respiratory gas exchange, the other to body tissues for nutrient and respiratory gas delivery

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4
Q

Blood vessels

A

Transport blood between heart and all body tissues

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5
Q

Types of blood vessels

A
  • Vein
  • Artery
  • Capillary
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6
Q

Artery

A

Vessel that transports blood away from the heart

artery - a

arteries - aa.

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7
Q

Vein

A

Vessel that transports blood back to the heart

vein - v.

veins - vv.

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8
Q

Capillary

A

Smallest blood vessels; where exchange of nutrients and waste with tissue cells

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9
Q

Most arteries carry ________ blood while most veins carry ______ blood

A

oxygenated, deoxygenated

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10
Q

Great vessels

A

Arteries and veins leaving the heart; are large in diameter

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11
Q

What are the great vessels?

A
  • Aorta
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
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12
Q

Flow of blood through heart

A

Unidirectional

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13
Q

Backflow of blood is prevented by _______ within the heart

A

valve

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14
Q

Mediastinum

A

Where the heart is positioned - slightly left of the midline in the space between the lungs, in the middle of the thoracic cavity

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15
Q

The heart sits on the ____________

A

diaphragm

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16
Q

The top of the heart sits between the _______

The bottom of the heart sits at the _________

A

2nd rib

5th intercostal space (ICS): between 5th and 6th rib

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17
Q

What is located in the mediastinum?

A
  • Heart
  • Great vessels
  • Thymus gland
  • Esophagus
  • Trachea
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18
Q

Apex

A

Inferior, conical part of the heart

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19
Q

Base

A

Posterosuperior surface of the heart, primarily composed of the left atrium

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20
Q

Layers of Heart Wall

A
  • Endocardium
  • Myocardium
  • Epicardium/ visceral pericardium
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21
Q

Endocardium

A
  • Innermost layer of heart wall
  • Lines heart chambers
  • Simple squamous ET
  • Underlying areolar CT with collagen and elastic fibers
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22
Q

Trabeculae carnae

A

Folds in the ventricles

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23
Q

Myocardium

A
  • Middle layer of heart wall
  • Cardiac muscle - contraction generates force necessary to pump blood
  • Thickest layer of wall, especially in left ventricle (x3 thicker than right ventricle)
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24
Q

Epicardium AKA visceral pericardium

A
  • Outermost layer of wall
  • Serous membrane and underlying areolar tissue
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25
Serous membrane
Secretes serous fluid and reduces friction
26
Pericardium
- Tough sac that encloses the heart - Restricts motion so it moves slightly within the thorax - Reduces friction - Prevents heart from overfilling with blood
27
Two layers of pericardium
- Fibrous pericardium - Serous pericardium
28
Fibrous pericardium
- Outer covering of pericardium - Tough, dense CT
29
Serous pericardium
- Inner covering of pericardium - Thin, double-layered serous membrane
30
Layers of serous pericardium
- Parietal layer - Visceral layer (epicardium)
31
Parietal layer
Lines inner surface of fibrous pericardium
32
Visceral layer (epicardium)
Outer layer of pericardium; covers the heart
33
Pericardial cavity
Potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium
34
Chambers of the heart
- Two smaller, superior chambers: right and left atria - Two larger, inferior chambers: right and left ventricles
35
Atria
Superior heart chambers that receives blood coming in from the body and lungs Blood drains into ventricle on same side
36
Auricle
- Auricle means ear, looks like an ear - Wrinkled, flaplike extension on the anterior atria - More SA to atria
37
Right atrium (RA)
Receives blood from systemic circulation
38
Left atrium (LA)
Receives blood from pulmonary circulation
39
The left and right atria are separated by a(n) _____________
interatrial septum
40
Large arteries
- Pulmonary trunk - Aorta Exit heart at superior border
41
Largest artery in the body
Aorta
42
Ventricles
Pump blood out to body and lungs Both ventricles pump out the same volume of blood per minute
43
The pulmonary trunk transports blood from the (left/right) ventricle into pulmonary circulation
right
44
The aorta conducts blood from the (left/right) ventricle into systemic circulation
left
45
The left and right ventricles are separated by a(n) ____________
interventricular septum
46
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
Valve separating atrium from ventricle; prevents backflow into atrium
47
The right AV valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle It is also called the _____________
tricuspid valve Prevents backflow of blood into right atrium when ventricles contract
48
The left AV valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle It is also called the ___________
bicuspid/ mitral valve Prevents backflow of blood into left atrium when ventricles contract
49
Cusp
Flap of tissue that opens and closes a heart valve
50
Both AV valves have __________ and _________
papillary muscles, chordae tendinae
51
Papillary muscle
Cone shaped, muscular projections that anchor chordae tendinae 3 in right AV
52
Chordae tendinae
Thin collagen strands attached to the papillary muscle and AV valves
53
Shape of AV valve cusps
Triangular
54
Semilunar valve
Valves with 3 half-mooned shaped cusps; prevent backflow into ventricles
55
Types of semilunar valves
- Pulmonary (semilunar) valve - Aortic (semilunar) valve
56
Pulmonary (semilunar) valve
Separates the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk Prevents backflow into right ventricle when ventricles relax
57
Aortic (semilunar) valve
Separates the left ventricle and aorta Prevents backflow into left ventricle when ventricles relax
58
Pulmonary artery
Division of pulmonary trunk; carries deoxygenated blood to lungs
59
Major vessels that empty into the right atrium
- Superior vena cava - Inferior vena cava - Coronary sinus
60
Superior vena cava (SVC)
Drains blood from head, neck, upper limbs, superior portion of trunk
61
Inferior vena cava (IVC)
Drains blood from lower limbs and trunk
62
Coronary sinus
Drains blood from the heart wall
63
Coronary/ Atrioventricular sulcus
Deep groove that extends the circumference of the heart that externally separates the ventricles from the atrium
64
Interventricular sulcus
Deep groove between the ventricles that extend inferiorly from the coronary sulcus toward the heart apex Anterior and posterior
65
Pulmonary veins
Where oxygenated blood travels through to the left atrium following gas exchange
66
Blood flow through heart
- Superior and inferior vena cava, coronary sinus - Right atrium - Right atrioventricular valve - Right ventricle - Pulmonary semilunar valve - Pulmonary trunk and arteries - Gas exchange in lungs - Pulmonary veins - Left atrium - Left atrioventricular valve - Left ventricle - Aortic semilunar valve - Aorta - Systemic arteries - Gas and nutrient exchange in peripheral tissue - Systemic veins - Superior and inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
67
Cardiac cycle
Contraction of atria followed by contraction of ventricles; Results in lub-dub heart sounds
68
1st heart sound
Result of closure of AV valves
69
2nd heart sound
Result of closure of semilunar valves
70
Diastole
Relaxation phase of heart chamber (dilation)
71
Systole
Contraction phase of heart chamber
72
Systolic pressure
Higher number (120); during LV systole
73
Diastolic pressure
Lower number (80); during LV diastole
74
Sinoatrial (SA) node
- Acts as pacemaker - Cluster of electrically sensitive cardiac muscle cells - Embedded in wall of RA near opening for SVC - Initiates action potential, which spreads throughout atria to AV node
75
Atrioventricular (AV) node
- Cluster of cardiac muscle cells in floor of RA - Slows action potential, allowing ventricles to fill. Delay between activation of atria and ventricles
76
Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle/ Bundle of His
Superior aspect of interventricular septum
77
Right and left bundle branches
Branches from Bundle of His In interventricular septum
78
Purkinje fibers
Conduction fibers that carry action potential to myocardium of ventricles
79
Conducting system of heart
Specialized cardiac muscle that allows autorhythmicity
80
Autorhythmicity
Heart itself, not external nerves are responsible for heartrate
81
Coordinated sequence of heart contractions
1) Muscle impulse is generated at SA node and spreads throughout atria to AV nodes via internodal pathways 2) AV node delay the muscle impulse as it passes it to the Bundle of His 3) Bundle of His conducts impulse into the interventricular septum 4) Within the interventricular septum, the left and right bundles split from the Bundle of His 5) The muscle impulse is delivered to Purkinje fibers in each ventricle and distributed throughout the ventricular myocardium 1) SA node generates an impulse 2) Both atria contract almost simultaneously (systole) while the ventricles relax (diastole) 3) Impulse goes to the AV node then to ventricles 4) Ventricles contract (systole) while atria relax (diastole)

ANATOMY (23 decks)

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