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ANATOMY > CH 6 > Flashcards

CH 6 Flashcards

Skeletal system

1
Q

The skeletal system includes what?

A

Bones and articulations

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2
Q

Another word for articulations

A

Joints

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3
Q

Adult humans typically have ______ bones

A

206

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4
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A
  • Framework/ support
  • Protection
  • Muscle attachment
  • Hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis
  • Mineral storage
  • Energy storage
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5
Q

poiesis

A

formation of

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6
Q

The skeletal system acts as framework and support for ___________

A

tissue

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7
Q

Protection

A

hard casing

e.g. skull, spine (vertebral column), ribcage, pelvis

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8
Q

Hemopoiesis/ hematopoiesis

A

formation of ALL blood cells (red and white blood cells, platelets)

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9
Q

Where does hemopoiesis occur?

A

Red bone marrow

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10
Q

Mineral storage

A

Bone acts as a reservoir for calcium when blood calcium levels get too low

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11
Q

__________ control calcium levels

A

Hormones

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12
Q

Muscle attachment

A

Bone is an attachment site for skeletal muscle

Movement occur when muscles contract by pulling on bone

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13
Q

Energy storage

A

Yellow bone marrow is adipose tissue

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14
Q

Two types of skeletal tissue

A
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
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15
Q

Cartilage cells

A
  • Chondrocytes
  • Chondroblasts
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16
Q

Chondro

A

cartilage

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17
Q

blast

A

to form

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18
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Mature cartilage cells

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19
Q

Where are chondrocytes located?

A

Lacunae

“little lake”

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20
Q

Lacunae

A

Small spaces filled with extracellular fluid

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21
Q

chondroblast

A

secrete cartilage matrix

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22
Q

Cartilage matrix

A
  • Fibers
  • Ground substance (semi-solid)
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23
Q

Cartilage ground substance contain ___________ molecules

A

proteoglycan

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24
Q

Proteoglycan molecules

A

Absorbs water into the matrix

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25
Q

Proteoglycan molecules are the reason why bones are a good ____________

A

shock absorber

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26
Q

3 types of cartilage

A
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Elastic cartilage
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27
Q

Hyaline is the ___________ cartilage

A

stiffest

Without it, bones would break with enough pressure

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28
Q

Defining characteristic of hyaline cartilage

A

No fibers in the matrix

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29
Q

Hyaline cartilage location

A

Covers ends of bones, costal cartilage, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchial passageways, fetal skeleton

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30
Q

Costal

A

ribs

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31
Q

Larynx

A

Adam’s apple– opening to the trachea

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32
Q

Elastic cartilage is the most ____________

A

flexible

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33
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Many elastic fibers in matrix

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34
Q

Elastic cartilage locations

A

Outer ear, larynx, wall of auditory tube

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35
Q

Fibrocartilage is the best ______________

A

shock absorber

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36
Q

Fiber(s) of the fibrocartilage

A

collagen

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37
Q

Fibrocartilage location

A

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, meniscus of the knee

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38
Q

How do chondrocytes tend to arrange themselves?

A

Lined up in rows

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39
Q

Bone cells

A
  • osteoprogenitor cells
  • osteoblasts
  • osteocytes
  • osteoclasts
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40
Q

___________ become osteoblasts

A

osteoprogenitor

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41
Q

osteoblast

A

forms bone matrix, mature into osteocytes

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42
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells that maintain matrix
located in lacunae

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43
Q

____________ have arms to connect each other

A

osteocytes

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44
Q

osteoclasts

A

reabsorbs old bone matrix

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45
Q

Which bone cells become more active and remove bone to increase blood calcium levels?

A

osteoclasts

46
Q

Bone matrix contains what fiber(s)?

A

Collagen

47
Q

Collagen fibers of the bone matrix provide it a certain degree of __________

A

flexibility

Without, bones would break under body weight

48
Q

The ground substance of bone contains _______________ that provides __________

A

hydroxyapatite crystals, hardness and rigidity

49
Q

Types of bone

A
  • Compact
  • Spongey
50
Q

Compact

A

Hard bone that supports body weight

51
Q

Haversian system is AKA as a _________

A

osteon

52
Q

Haversian system/ osteon

A

Basic structural and functional unit of mature compact bone

Cylindrical

53
Q

Central canal/ Haversian canal

A

Cylindrical channel that lies in the middle of the osteon

54
Q

What travels within the central canal?

A

Blood vessel and nerves that supply the bone

55
Q

Concentric lamellae

A

Rings of CT that surround the central canal and form the bulk of the osteon

56
Q

Lamellae

A

Layers

57
Q

Each lamellae contains what?

A

Collagen fibers

Alternating direction of fibers gives bone its strength and resilience

58
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

Leftover parts of the osteon that have been partially resorbed (not full circle like concentric lamellae)

Interstitial - in between

59
Q

Canaliculi

A

Tiny channels that connect neighboring osteocytes

60
Q

Perforating/ Volkmann’s canal

A

Central canals that contain blood and nerves that run perpendicular to the central canals

Helps connect multiple Haversian canals

61
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A

Rings of bone that runs the entire circumference of the bone

62
Q

Cancellous/ spongey bone

A

Lighter bone that forms the bone marrow

63
Q

Spongey bone components

A
  • Trabeculae
  • Cancellous cavities
64
Q

Trabeculae

A

Tiny pieces of bone that interconnect with each other; open lattice of narrow plates of bone

65
Q

Cancellous cavities

A

Store bone marrow

Located between trabeculae

66
Q

Classifications of bone by shape

A
  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
67
Q

T or F: every bone has compact and spongey bone

A

True

Typically compact bone on outer surface, spongey bone on surface

68
Q

Spongey bone of flat bone

A

Diploe

69
Q

What characteristic does the diploe give bone?

A

Strength to withstand lots of pressure

70
Q

Long bone anatomy

A
  • Epiphyses
  • Metaphyses
  • Diaphysis
71
Q

Epiphyses

A

Ends of long bone

72
Q

Purpose of the epiphyses

A

Gives more surface area for articulation

73
Q

Metaphyses

A

Flared part of long bone

74
Q

__________ is referred as the neck of the bone

A

Metaphyses

75
Q

__________ is referred as the shaft of the long bone

A

Diaphysis

76
Q

Only part of bone that does not ossify

A

Hyaline cartilage

77
Q

Articulation cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage located at the end of bones for protection

78
Q

In which part of the long bone is the spongy bone located?

A

Epiphyses

79
Q

In which part of the long bone is compact bone located?

A

Diaphysis

80
Q

Empty cavity located at the center of long bone

A

Medullary/ marrow cavity

81
Q

What fills the medullary cavity in children? Adults?

A

Red bone marrow; yellow bone marrow

82
Q

Bone coverings

A
  • Periosteum
  • Endosteum
83
Q

Layer(s) of the periosteum

A

Inner osteogenic/ cellular layer
Outer fibrous layer

84
Q

Inner osteogenic/ cellular layer

A

Can form new bone, layer of osteoblasts and some osteoprogenitor cells

85
Q

Which tissue forms the outer fibrous layer of the periosteum?

A

Dense irregular (NOT bone)

86
Q

Peri

A

Outside

87
Q

Endo

A

Inside

88
Q

Endosteum

A

Layer of osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells

89
Q

Locations of the endosteum

A

Trabeculae of spongy bone
Lines the medullary cavity

90
Q

Ossification is AKA as

A

osteogenesis

91
Q

Ossification

A

Formation of bone

92
Q

When does ossification begin? End?

A

By 8th week of gestation until adulthood

93
Q

Two types of ossification

A
  • Intramembranous
  • Endochondral
94
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Bone forms from mesenchyme

95
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Embryonic CT

96
Q

Where does intramembranous ossification occur?

A

In portions of skull and clavicles

97
Q

Stages of Intramembranous Ossification

A

1) Ossification centers form within thickened regions of mesenchyme. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid at ossification center
2) Osteoid undergoes calcification
3) Woven bone and the surrounding periosteum form
4) Lamellar bone replaces woven bone as compact and spongey bone form

98
Q

Woven bone

A

AKA primary bone

Immature bone

99
Q

Lamellar bone

A

AKA secondary bone

Mature bone

Forms in layers (lamellae form in layers)

100
Q

Osteoid

A

Unmineralized bone matrix; precursor to solid bone matrix

Has no calcium in it

101
Q

-oid

A

“like”

102
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Bone forms from hyaline cartilage

103
Q

Where does endochondral ossification occur?

A

In all other bones of the skeleton except portions of the skull and clavicles

104
Q

Stages of endochondral ossification

A

1) Fetal hyaline cartilage model develops
2) Cartilage calcifies and dies. A periosteal bone collar forms around the diaphysis
3) Primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis
4) Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses
5) Bone replaces cartilage, except for articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates
6) Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines

3 and 4 essentially woven bone forms and is replaced with lamellar bone

105
Q

Hypertrophy occurs in chondrocytes when the cartilage calcifies and dies. What is hypertrophy?

A

Enlargens

106
Q

A periosteal bone collar forms around the diaphysis. This happens by periosteal buds invading the dying cartilage. What are periosteal buds?

A
  • Blood vessel- supplies nutrients
  • Osteoclast- resorb bone matrix
  • Osteoblast- form new bone
107
Q

Epiphyseal plate AKA growth plate

A

A layer of hyaline cartilage at the boundary of the epiphysis and diaphysis

108
Q

Interstitial bone growth

A

Lengthens bone by layer of cartilage, new bone, repeat

109
Q

How many microscopic zones of interstitial bone growth at the epiphyseal plate are there?

A

5

110
Q

5 zones of growth at the epiphyseal plate

A

1) Resting cartilage: randomly scattered chondrocytes. Regular old hyaline cartilage
2) Proliferating cartilage: chondrocytes divide (compact, stacked appearance)
3) Hypertrophic cartilage: chondrocytes hypertrophy and die
4) Calcified cartilage: empty lacunae
5) Ossification: new bone

111
Q
A

ANATOMY (23 decks)

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