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ANATOMY > CH 24 > Flashcards

CH 24 Flashcards

Lymphatic system

1
Q

Lymphatic system functions

A
  • Immunity
  • Absorption of dietary fats
  • Return of excess interstitial fluid to blood
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2
Q

Return of excess interstitial fluid

A

Maintains fluid homeostasis

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3
Q

Interstitial fluid leaked across capillaries

A

Blood plasma

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4
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid CT once interstitial (tissue) fluid enters lymph vessel; travels at low pressures; leaked excess blood plasma in lymph vessel

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5
Q

Immunity

A

Lymph is filtered through lymphoid structures like lymph nodes and is checked for foreign or pathogenic material like bacteria and cancer cells

Lymphoid structures contain cells that initiate an immune response to abnormal materials

Without primary immune system, the body would be unable to fight infection and stay healthy

Lymphocytes destroys pathogens, makes antibodies

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6
Q

Components of lymphatic system

A
  • Lymph
  • Lymphatic capillaries
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Lymphatic trunks (9)
  • Lymphatic ducts (2)
  • Lymphatic cells
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7
Q

Lymphatic vessel

A

Vessels formed by union of lymphatic capillaries; Resorbs excess interstitial fluid and returns it to venous circulation; Similar to veins and have 3 tunics

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8
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

Microscopic vessel that begins network of lymphatic vessel

  • Wall is endothelium
  • Have overlapping endothelial cells that act as one-way valves allowing interstitial fluid into lymphatic capillaries
  • Close-ended
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9
Q

Valve

A

Prevent lymph from pooling in vessel and back flow

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10
Q

Lymphatic trunk

A
  • Formed by merging lymphatic vessels
  • Have a L/R except for intestinal
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11
Q

List the lymphatic trunks

A
  • Jugular
  • Subclavian
  • Bronchomediastinal
  • Intestinal
  • Lumbar
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12
Q

Jugular trunks

A

Drains lymph from head and neck

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13
Q

Subclavian trunks

A

Drains lymph from upper limbs, breast, superficial thoracic wall

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14
Q

Bronchomediastinal trunks

A

Drains lymph from deep thoracic wall

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15
Q

Intestinal trunk

A

Drains lymph from most abdominal structures

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16
Q

Lumbar trunks

A

Drains lymph from lower limbs, abdominopelvic wall, pelvic organs

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17
Q

Lymphatic ducts AKA collecting duct

A

Formed by fusion of lymphatic trunks; empties lymph back into venous circulation

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18
Q

What are the lymphatic ducts?

A
  • Left lymphatic duct/ thoracic duct
  • Right lymphatic duct
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19
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A
  • Empties into right subclavian vein
  • Returns lymph from right upper body only (head, neck, right upper limb and thorax)
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20
Q

Left/ thoracic duct

A
  • Largest lymphatic vessel
  • Receive lymph from most of body (left upper body, lower body)
  • Begins inferior to diaphragm
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21
Q

The thoracic duct passes through ________ and empties into the _________

A

aortic opening in diaphragm; junction of left subclavian and left internal jugular

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22
Q

Cisterna chyli

A

Round sac-like structure at base of thoracic duct and anterior to L2; Left and right intestinal and lumbar trunks drain into

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23
Q

Chyle

A

Milky lymph from small intestine that contains dietary fats

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24
Q

Lacteal

A

Lymphatic capillaries located in wall of small intestine

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25
Q

Pathway of chyle

A

Lacteals
Lymph vessels
Intestinal trunk
Cisterna chyli
Thoracic/ left duct
Left subclavian vein

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26
Q

Lymphatic organs and tissues

A
  • MALT
  • Lymph nodes
  • Appendix
  • Thymus gland
27
Q

Lymph node

A
  • Small, rounded or oval structure located along pathway of lymph vessels
  • Typically found in clusters or chains
  • Filters lymph, destroys pathogens and forms antibodies
  • Lymphoid organ that some lymphatic vessels connect directly to
28
Q

Structure of lymph node

A
  • Trabeculae
  • Capsule
  • Lymphocyte
  • Hilus
  • Efferent vessels
  • Afferent vessels
29
Q

Capsule

A

Tough CT surrounding the lymph node

30
Q

Trabeculae

A

Internal extensions of of the capsule that project into the node and separates it into compartments

31
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Surround the trabeculae and lymphatic sinuses and provide pathway for lymph flow

32
Q

Lymphocyte components

A
  • Medullary cords (in medulla)
  • Follicles (in cortex)
33
Q

Cortex

A

Outer lymph node that contains immature T-lymphocytes and some macrophages

34
Q

Medulla

A

Inner lymph node that contains epithelial cells and T-lymphocytes

35
Q

Lymphocyte cortex

A
  • Lymphoid nodule/ follicle
  • Cortical sinuses
36
Q

Nodule/ follicle

A
  • Outer region of T-lymphocytes
  • Inner germinal
37
Q

Germinal center

A

Inner region of nodule; proliferating region of B- lymphocytes and macrophages

38
Q

Lymphocyte medulla

A
  • Medullary cords
  • Medullary sinuses
39
Q

Medullary cord

A

CT fibers that support strands of lymphoid cells in medulla (primarily B-lymphocytes and macrophages)

40
Q

Afferent lymphatic vessels

A

Transport lymph to lymph node, where it slowly enters cortical sinuses then medullary sinuses

41
Q

Efferent lymphatic vessels

A

Transports lymph out of lymph node

42
Q

Hilum/ hilus

A

Indented portion of lymph node where efferent lymph vessels originate

43
Q

Clusters of lymph nodes

A
  • Cervical
  • Axillary
  • Inguinal
44
Q

Axillary lymph nodes

A

Nodes in armpit that receives lymph from breast, axilla, upper limb

45
Q

Inguinal lymph nodes

A

Nodes in groin that receive lymph from lower limbs and pelvis

46
Q

Cervical lymph nodes

A

Nodes that receive lymph from head and neck

47
Q

Spleen

A
  • Largest lymphatic organ
  • Located in LUQ lateral to stomach
  • Red pulp surrounding clusters of white pulp
  • Serves as blood reservoir
  • Immune response to foreign antigens in blood
48
Q

Types of splenic tissue

A
  • Red pulp
  • White pulp
49
Q

Red pulp

A

Macrophages and lymphocytes surrounding venous sinusoids; removes old erthocytes from circulation

50
Q

White pulp

A

Lymphocytes (T and B lymphocytes, macrophages) surrounding central arteries; blood is filtered here and pathogens are removed

51
Q

Central artery

A

Where blood enters spleen and flows

52
Q

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissues (MALT)

A
  • Lymphatic nodules (clusters of lymphocytes) located in mucosa of digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts - attack antigens
  • Responds to pathogens
  • Filters and attacks antigens in food, air, urine
53
Q

Special examples of MALT

A
  • Peyer patches
  • Tonsils
54
Q

Peyer patches

A

Collection of lymphoid nodules in ileum of small intestine

55
Q

Tonsils

A

Large clusters of lymphoid cells and extracellular tissue matrix that are not completely surrounded by a capsule

Have multiple germinal centers and invaginated (internally folded) edges called crypts that trap material and allow for identification by lymphocytes

In pharynx

56
Q

Types of tonsils in pharynx

A
  • Pharyngeal
  • Palatine
  • Lingual
57
Q

Pharyngeal tonsil AKA adenoids

A

In posterior wall of nasopharynx

58
Q

Palatine tonsil

A

In posterolateral wall of oropharynx

59
Q

Lingual tonsil

A

At base of tongue in oropharynx

60
Q

Vermiform (appendix)

A
  • Small strip of lymphatic tissue attached to cecum of small intestine
  • Detects and responds to pathogens in large intestine
  • Inflammation here is appendicitis
61
Q

Thymus

A
  • Bilobed gland superficial to heart
  • Consists of 2 fused thymic lobes, which are divided into lobules
  • Each lobule has outer cortex and inner medulla
  • Continues to grow until puberty then regress in size and function
  • Replaced by adipose tissue in adults
  • Has capsule and trabeculae
62
Q

Function of thymus

A
  • Site of T-lymphocyte maturation
  • Cortex of lobules contains immature T-lymphocytes and cells that secrete thymic hormones
  • Medulla of lobules contains mature T-lymphocytes and thymic corpuscles
  • In adulthood, T-lymphocytes only produced by cell division and not by maturation of new cells in thymus
63
Q

Thymic hormones

A
  • Secreted by cortex of thymus lobules
  • Stimulate T-lymphocyte maturation and differentation
64
Q

Thymic/ Hassall’s corpuscles

A

Circles of aggregated, degenerated epithelial cells (nurse cells) in the medulla of the thymus lobules

ANATOMY (23 decks)

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