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ANATOMY > CH 21 > Flashcards

CH 21 Flashcards

Blood

1
Q

Most tested tissue in the body

A

Blood

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2
Q

Functions

A
  • Transportation
  • Protection
  • Regulation
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3
Q

Transportation:

What does blood transport?

A
  • Oxygen
  • CO2
  • Nutrients
  • Waste products
  • Hormones
  • Antibodies
  • Ions
  • Electrolytes
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4
Q

Protection

A

Mounts immune response (contains immune system cells) and produces antibodies

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5
Q

Regulation

A

Of body temperature, pH, and fluid volume

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6
Q

What kind of tissue is blood?

A

Connective tissue (scattered cells in matrix)

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7
Q

Plasma

A

Blood matrix

  • 55% of blood
  • Straw colored
  • 92% water that acts as solvent that suspends formed elements, plasma proteins, waste
  • Over 100 dissolved molecules including plasma proteins
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8
Q

Formed elements

A

Blood cells

  • Red blood cells (erythrocytes)- 44% of blood
  • White blood cells (leukocytes)
  • Platelets

White blood cells and platelets compose of buffy coat - <1% of blood

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9
Q

Plasma proteins

A
  • Albumin
  • Globulin
  • Fibrinogen
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10
Q

Albumin

A
  • Most abundant plasma protein
  • Maintains normal blood volume
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11
Q

Albumin is formed in the ________

A

Liver

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12
Q

Globulin components

A
  • Alpha and beta
  • Gamma
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13
Q

Alpha and beta globulin

A
  • Formed in liver
  • Carry lipids through blood
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14
Q

Gamma globulin

A
  • Formed by B lymphocytes
  • Are antibodies that immobilize pathogens (bacteria, viruses, etc.)
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15
Q

Fibrinogen

A
  • Formed in liver
  • Responsible for blood clotting
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16
Q

Hematocrit

A

Percentage of volume of all formed elements in blood

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17
Q

Red blood cells (RBC) AKA erythrocytes

A
  • Lack nuclei and organelles when mature
  • Biconcave shape
  • Relatively small
  • Most abundant cell in body (about 1/3 of all body cells)
  • Made by red bone marrow
  • Carry oxygen
  • Contains hemoglobin
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18
Q

Rouleau

A

Lining up of RBCs in single file line as they pass through small blood vessel

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19
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Red pigmented protein

Capable of reversibly transporting O2 and CO2 in blood

Binds to oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin

20
Q

Hemoglobin contains ___ _____ protein molecules

What are they?

A

4 globin (2 alpha, 2 beta chains)

21
Q

Each of the 4 globins possess a nonprotein _____ group that contains an iron molecule Fe2+

A

heme

22
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Process of RBC production

23
Q

Erythropoiesis is stimulated by __________ which is released by the _________

A

erythropoietin; kidneys

24
Q

Hematopoiesis/ hemopoiesis

A

Formation of formed elements in red bone marrow

25
Q

Aside from men being larger and having a larger blood volume in comparison to females, why do men have more RBCs/ higher hematocrit?

A

Testosterone stimulates hemopoiesis

26
Q

White blood cells (WBC) AKA leukocytes

A

leuko- white

  • Fights infection: initiate immune response and defend body from pathogens
  • Have a nucleus and organelles
  • Are 1.5-3x larger than RBC
27
Q

Diapedesis

A

Ability of WBC to leave blood vessel and enter a tissue

28
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Attraction of WBC to site of infection by molecules from damaged cells or invading pathogens

29
Q

There are ___ types of leukocytes divided into 2 classifications

What are the 2 classifications?

A

5

Agranulocytes and granulocytes

Based on presence of absence of visible organelles called granules

30
Q

Granulocytes

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils
31
Q

Neutrophil/ Polymorphonuclears

A
  • Phagocytize bacteria, increase during bacterial infections
  • Multilobed nucleus
  • Pale granules
32
Q

Eosinophil

A
  • Increase during allergic reaction and parasitic infection
  • Bilobed nucleus
  • Red granules
33
Q

Basophil

A
  • Have granules containing histamine and heparin
  • U or C-shaped nucleus (not visible)
  • Many dark granules
34
Q

Histamine

A

Released during tissue injury

35
Q

Heparin

A

Promotes blood clotting

36
Q

Agranulocyte

A
  • Monocyte
  • Lymphocyte
37
Q

Monocyte

A
  • Largest WBC
  • C shaped nucleus
  • No visible granules
  • Ingest bacteria, toxins, and cellular debris
38
Q

Lymphocyte

A
  • Destroy pathogens directly and make antibodies
  • Smallest WBC
  • Large round nucleus
  • No visible granules
39
Q

Types of lymphocytes

A
  • B lymphocyte
  • T lymphocyte
  • Natural killer cells
40
Q

B-lymphocyte

A

Make antibodies

41
Q

T-lymphocytes

A

Destroy pathogens directly

42
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Destroy some cancerous cells and virus infected cells

43
Q

Platelet AKA thrombocytes

A
  • 1/4th size of RBC
  • Involved with blood clotting: form platelet plug and release substances which stimulate formation of blood clot and cause vasoconstriction in injured vessel
  • Irregular cellular fragments
44
Q

Megakaryotes

A

Pieces of cytoplasm which break away from large cells; cells that continuously produce platelets in red bone marrow

  • Large size
  • Dense multilobed nucleus
  • Long processes
45
Q

Blood clotting components

A
  • Fibrin
  • Platelets
  • RBC
46
Q

Hemostasis

A

Assist in stopping bleeding

47
Q

Most common to least common leukocyte

A

Never - neutrophils
Let - lymphocytes
Monkeys - monocytes
Eat - eosinophils
Bananas - basophils

ANATOMY (23 decks)

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