CH 21

Question 1

Most tested tissue in the body

Answer 1

Blood

Question 2

Functions

Answer 2

• Transportation
• Protection
• Regulation

Question 3

Transportation:

What does blood transport?

Answer 3

• Oxygen
• CO2
• Nutrients
• Waste products
• Hormones
• Antibodies
• Ions
• Electrolytes

Question 4

Protection

Answer 4

Mounts immune response (contains immune system cells) and produces antibodies

Question 5

Regulation

Answer 5

Of body temperature, pH, and fluid volume

Question 6

What kind of tissue is blood?

Answer 6

Connective tissue (scattered cells in matrix)

Question 7

Plasma

Answer 7

Blood matrix

• 55% of blood
• Straw colored
• 92% water that acts as solvent that suspends formed elements, plasma proteins, waste
• Over 100 dissolved molecules including plasma proteins

Question 8

Formed elements

Answer 8

Blood cells

• Red blood cells (erythrocytes)- 44% of blood
• White blood cells (leukocytes)
• Platelets

White blood cells and platelets compose of buffy coat - <1% of blood

Question 9

Plasma proteins

Answer 9

• Albumin
• Globulin
• Fibrinogen

Question 10

Albumin

Answer 10

• Most abundant plasma protein
• Maintains normal blood volume

Question 11

Albumin is formed in the ________

Answer 11

Liver

Question 12

Globulin components

Answer 12

• Alpha and beta
• Gamma

Question 13

Alpha and beta globulin

Answer 13

• Formed in liver
• Carry lipids through blood

Question 14

Gamma globulin

Answer 14

• Formed by B lymphocytes
• Are antibodies that immobilize pathogens (bacteria, viruses, etc.)

Question 15

Fibrinogen

Answer 15

• Formed in liver
• Responsible for blood clotting

Question 16

Hematocrit

Answer 16

Percentage of volume of all formed elements in blood

Question 17

Red blood cells (RBC) AKA erythrocytes

Answer 17

• Lack nuclei and organelles when mature
• Biconcave shape
• Relatively small
• Most abundant cell in body (about 1/3 of all body cells)
• Made by red bone marrow
• Carry oxygen
• Contains hemoglobin

Question 18

Rouleau

Answer 18

Lining up of RBCs in single file line as they pass through small blood vessel

Question 19

Hemoglobin

Answer 19

Red pigmented protein

Capable of reversibly transporting O2 and CO2 in blood

Binds to oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin

Question 20

Hemoglobin contains ___ _____ protein molecules

What are they?

Answer 20

4 globin (2 alpha, 2 beta chains)

Question 21

Each of the 4 globins possess a nonprotein _____ group that contains an iron molecule Fe2+

Answer 21

heme

Question 22

Erythropoiesis

Answer 22

Process of RBC production

Question 23

Erythropoiesis is stimulated by __________ which is released by the _________

Answer 23

erythropoietin; kidneys

Question 24

Hematopoiesis/ hemopoiesis

Answer 24

Formation of formed elements in red bone marrow

Question 25

Aside from men being larger and having a larger blood volume in comparison to females, why do men have more RBCs/ higher hematocrit?

Answer 25

Testosterone stimulates hemopoiesis

Question 26

White blood cells (WBC) AKA leukocytes

Answer 26

leuko- white - Fights infection: initiate immune response and defend body from pathogens - Have a nucleus and organelles - Are 1.5-3x larger than RBC

Question 27

Diapedesis

Answer 27

Ability of WBC to leave blood vessel and enter a tissue

Question 28

Chemotaxis

Answer 28

Attraction of WBC to site of infection by molecules from damaged cells or invading pathogens

Question 29

There are ___ types of leukocytes divided into 2 classifications What are the 2 classifications?

Answer 29

5 Agranulocytes and granulocytes Based on presence of absence of visible organelles called granules

Question 30

Granulocytes

Answer 30

- Neutrophils - Basophils - Eosinophils

Question 31

Neutrophil/ Polymorphonuclears

Answer 31

- Phagocytize bacteria, increase during bacterial infections - Multilobed nucleus - Pale granules

Question 32

Eosinophil

Answer 32

- Increase during allergic reaction and parasitic infection - Bilobed nucleus - Red granules

Question 33

Basophil

Answer 33

- Have granules containing histamine and heparin - U or C-shaped nucleus (not visible) - Many dark granules

Question 34

Histamine

Answer 34

Released during tissue injury

Question 35

Heparin

Answer 35

Promotes blood clotting

Question 36

Agranulocyte

Answer 36

- Monocyte - Lymphocyte

Question 37

Monocyte

Answer 37

- Largest WBC - C shaped nucleus - No visible granules - Ingest bacteria, toxins, and cellular debris

Question 38

Lymphocyte

Answer 38

- Destroy pathogens directly and make antibodies - Smallest WBC - Large round nucleus - No visible granules

Question 39

Types of lymphocytes

Answer 39

- B lymphocyte - T lymphocyte - Natural killer cells

Question 40

B-lymphocyte

Answer 40

Make antibodies

Question 41

T-lymphocytes

Answer 41

Destroy pathogens directly

Question 42

Natural killer cells

Answer 42

Destroy some cancerous cells and virus infected cells

Question 43

Platelet AKA thrombocytes

Answer 43

- 1/4th size of RBC - Involved with blood clotting: form platelet plug and release substances which stimulate formation of blood clot and cause vasoconstriction in injured vessel - Irregular cellular fragments

Question 44

Megakaryotes

Answer 44

Pieces of cytoplasm which break away from large cells; cells that continuously produce platelets in red bone marrow - Large size - Dense multilobed nucleus - Long processes

Question 45

Blood clotting components

Answer 45

- Fibrin - Platelets - RBC

Question 46

Hemostasis

Answer 46

Assist in stopping bleeding

Question 47

Most common to least common leukocyte

Answer 47

Never - neutrophils Let - lymphocytes Monkeys - monocytes Eat - eosinophils Bananas - basophils