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ANATOMY > CH 5 > Flashcards

CH 5 Flashcards

Integumentary system, glands, membranes

1
Q

Membranes are composed of __________ and ____________

A

ET and CT

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2
Q

Membrane location

A

Cover surfaces and line cavities

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3
Q

3 major membranes in the body

A
  • Serous
  • Mucous
  • Cutaneous
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4
Q

Cutaneous membrane/layer is AKA as?

A

Skin

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5
Q

Integument

A

Skin that covers the body

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6
Q

Integumentum

A

A covering

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7
Q

Integumentary system

A
  • Skin/ integument/ cutaneous membrane
  • Accessory structures/ epidermal derivatives (hair follicles and hair, nail, glands of skin)
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8
Q

Largest organ

A

Skin

7% of body weight

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9
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

A
  • Protection
  • Thermoregulation
  • Vitamin D synthesis
  • Immune defense
  • Sensory reception
  • Excretion/secretion
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10
Q

Secretion vs excretion

A

Secretion - produces a substance with a purpose like mucus
Excretion - expels waste

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11
Q

Protection

A

Physical barrier

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12
Q

Skin protects against what?

A

physical injury, trauma, bumps, scrapes

harmful chemicals, toxins, microbes

excess heat or cold

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13
Q

Temperature regulation occurs in the skin involving ______________

A

Vast capillary networks and sweat glands

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14
Q

How does temperature regulation occur?

A

Too warm -> diameter of blood vessels enlarges –> more blood flow -> sweat glands release fluid -> body cools down by evaporation

Too cold -> blood vessels constrict -> reduced blood flow -> more blood for deeper body tissues -> heat conserved

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15
Q

Vitamin D3 is AKA

A

cholecalciferol

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16
Q

When is vitamin D3 synthesized?

A

Produced by some epidermal cells when exposed to UV radiation

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17
Q

Active form of cholecalciferol __________ is considered a(n) _________

A

Calcitriol, hormone

Synthesized from cholecalciferol by some endocrine cells in the kidney

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18
Q

Vitamin D3 role

A

Increases absorption of calcium and phosphate, thus regulating levels

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19
Q

Immune cells of the epidermis

A

Epidermal dendritic cells AKA Langhans cells

Are derived from a type of white blood cell

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20
Q

Role of Langerhans/ epidermal dendritic cells

A

Initiate immune response by phagocytizing pathogens that penetrate the epidermis and against epidermal cancer cells

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21
Q

Sensory receptors of the skin can detect what?

A
  • Heat
  • Cold
  • Touch
  • Pressure
  • Texture
  • Vibration
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22
Q

Large, specialized epithelial cells that stimulate specific sensory nerve endings when distorted by fine touch or pressure

A

Tactile or Merkel cells

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23
Q

Secretions of the skin

A

Sweat - cools off the skin via evaporation Sebum - oily material that lubricates the skin and hair

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24
Q

The hypodermis is AKA

A

subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia

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25
Q

The hypodermis is __________ to the integument

A

Deep

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26
Q

Components of the hypodermis

A

Areolar (loose) and adipose CT

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27
Q

Functions of the hypodermis

A
  • Loosely anchors skin to underlying muscle
  • Stores energy
  • Thermal insulation
  • Supplies nutrients to the skin
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28
Q

Located between the hypodermis and epidermis is the _________

A

dermis

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29
Q

Two layers of the dermis

A

Papillary and reticular

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30
Q

Papillary

A

Thinner, more cutaneous layer of the dermis

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31
Q

The papillary layer is made of _______

A

areolar CT

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32
Q

Reticular

A

Thicker, deep layer of the dermis

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33
Q

The reticular layer is made of _________

A

dense irregular CT

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34
Q

The papillary layer have _______, which are projections of the dermis toward the epidermis

A

dermal papillae

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35
Q

________________ are lines in the deep dermis formed by the orientation of _________________

A

Lines of cleavage, collagen bundles

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36
Q

Lines of cleavage are important to surgeons because incisions _______ these lines heal more slowly than incisions _________ the lines

A

across, along

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37
Q

Epidermis

A

Most superficial layer of the skin

38
Q

The epidermis is composed of what?

A

Keratinized squamous epithelium

39
Q

T/F: The epidermis is vascular

A

False; is avascular

40
Q

4 cells of the epidermis

A
  • keratinocytes
  • melanocytes
  • Merkle (tactile) cells
  • Langerhans (dendritic) cells
41
Q

Most abundant cells of the epidermis

A

keratinocytes

42
Q

Keratin

A

Fibrous structural protein

43
Q

Keratin found in the epidermal skin

A

Cytokeratin

44
Q

Cytokeratin role

A
  • Gives skin strength
  • Makes epidermis almost waterproof
45
Q

Which layer are keratinocytes found in?

A

Stratum basale

46
Q

What cell is found between keratinocytes?

A

Melanocytes

47
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce and store melanin

48
Q

Cytoplasmic processes transfer pigment molecules _________ by _____________

A

Melanosomes, phagocytosis or exocytosis

The pigment black, brown, or yellow-brown accumulates around the nucleus of the keratinocyte

49
Q

Deepest epidermal layer

A

Stratum basale AKA stratum germinativum

Contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile (Merkel) cells

Single layer

50
Q

Layer composed of several keratinocytes with new cells pushed to the surface

A

Stratum spinosum AKA spiny layer

Contains keratinocytes and epidermal dendritic cells

Multi layered

51
Q

Stratum granulosum AKA granular layer contains ________ layers of keratinocytes

A

3-5

52
Q

2 types of granules

A

keratohyalin (involved with keratinization) and lamellar (fuse with plasma membrane and excrude contents, typically lipids, into the extracellular space)

53
Q

Keratinization

A

process by which keratinocytes fill up with the protein keratin

  • cells flatten
  • membranes thicken and become less permeable
  • nucleus and organelles disintegrate
  • cells die

Dehydrated material left within the cell form a tightly interlocked layer of keratin fibers sandwiched between thickened phospholipid membranes

54
Q

When is keratinization complete?

A

When cell reaches more superficial epidermal cells

Dead cell but filled with keratin

55
Q

Stratum lucidum AKA clear layer

A

Thin, translucent region about 2-3 cell layers thick with pale, featureless cells with indistinct boundaries

56
Q

Keratinocytes within the stratum lucidum are flattened and filled with the protein, _______ an intermediate product in the process of keratin maturation.

A

eleidin

57
Q

Cells in the stratum lucidum are only found in ________, examples are __________

A

thick skin, palms of hand and soles of feet

58
Q

Most superficial layer of the epidermis

A

Stratum corneum (corneus = horny)

59
Q

The stratum corneum consists of about 20 to 30 layers of dead, scaly, interlocking keratinized cells called _________

A

corneocytes - think dead, flattened keratinized cells

These cells are anucleate (lacking a nucleus) and tightly packed together

60
Q

Thick skin contains all 5 layers of the epidermis

It also contains ____________, but no _______________

A

sweat glands, hair follicles or sebaceous (oil) glands

61
Q

Thin skin lacks the __________

A

stratum lucidum (has 4 layers)

62
Q

Friction ridges

A

Found in thick skin

Increases friction

Suggested to help with skin flexibility

63
Q

Epidermal variation in skin color is caused by what 3 pigments?

A

Hemoglobin
Melanin
Carotene

64
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Oxygen binding blood pigment

Causes light complexion ranging from pink or blue

65
Q

Carotene

A

Yellow-orange pigment acquired from food

66
Q

Carotene is converted to ____________

A

vitamin A (important in normal vision)

67
Q

Epidermal derivatives

A

Hair, hair follicle, glands, nails

68
Q

Hair and hair follicles are located everywhere except

A
  • eyelids
  • nipples
  • lips
  • umbilicus
  • portions of external genitalia
  • distal 1/3
  • thick skin
69
Q

Functions of hair

A
  • Protection
  • Heat retention
  • Facial expression
  • Sensory reception
  • Visual identification
  • Chemical signal dispersal
70
Q

Hair follicle

A

Oblique tube surrounding root hair

71
Q

Bulb

A

Base of hair follicle

72
Q

2 parts of bulb

A

Papilla
Matrix

73
Q

Where do cells divide by mitosis to form hair?

A

Matrix

74
Q

Connective tissue root sheath

A

Outer layer of hair follicle originating from dermis

75
Q

Epithelial root sheath

A

Inner layer of hair follicle originating from epithelial

Internal and external component

76
Q

Arrector pili

A

Involuntary smooth muscle that contracts when scared or cold

Can also trap air around body to insulate

77
Q

3 regions of hair

A
  • Medulla
  • Cortex
  • Cuticle
78
Q

2 categories of glands

A

Endocrine and exocrine

79
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Do not have a duct (lose once mature)

Secrete hormones directly into blood

e.g. adrenal, thyroid, pituitary, ovaries, testes

80
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Have a duct: tube that carries secretion away

Secretes onto surface

e.g. sweat, salivary, mammary, lacrimal (secrete tears)

81
Q

What epithelium lines all glands?

A

Simple cuboidal

82
Q

2 types of skin exocrine glands

A

Sudoriferous/ sweat gland
Sebaceous gland

83
Q

Two types of sudoriferous sweat glands

A

Apocrine and merocrine

84
Q

Apocrine glands

A
  • Located only in axillae, pubic region, nipples
  • Secretes sweat in response to sexual arousal and emotional stress
  • Duct opens into hair follicle
85
Q

Merocrine glands

A
  • Lowers body temp when sweat evaporates
  • Located everywhere except portion of external genitalia
  • Duct opens at surface of pores
86
Q

Sebaceous glands

A
  • Located everywhere except thick skin
  • Secrete sebum - oily substance; natural moisturizer and hair conditioner
87
Q

Nails are scalelike modifications of the ___________ layer of the
epidermis that form on the dorsal tips of the fingers and toes.

A

stratum corneum

88
Q

The cuticle is AKA as what?

A

Eponychium

89
Q

Nail root

A

Proximal part of nail embedded in skin

90
Q

The nail body contains the ______, a layer of epidermis containing deep, living cells

A

Nail bed (fleshy part under the nail)

91
Q

Actively growing part of the nail

A

Nail matrix

Thickened nail bed

ANATOMY (23 decks)

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