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CH 5 Flashcards

Integumentary system, glands, membranes

1
Q

Membranes are composed of __________ and ____________

A

ET and CT

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2
Q

Membrane location

A

Cover surfaces and line cavities

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3
Q

3 major membranes in the body

A
  • Serous
  • Mucous
  • Cutaneous
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4
Q

Cutaneous membrane/layer is AKA as?

A

Skin

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5
Q

Integument

A

Skin that covers the body

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6
Q

Integumentum

A

A covering

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7
Q

Integumentary system

A
  • Skin/ integument/ cutaneous membrane
  • Accessory structures/ epidermal derivatives (hair follicles and hair, nail, glands of skin)
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8
Q

Largest organ

A

Skin

7% of body weight

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9
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

A
  • Protection
  • Thermoregulation
  • Vitamin D synthesis
  • Immune defense
  • Sensory reception
  • Excretion/secretion
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10
Q

Secretion vs excretion

A

Secretion - produces a substance with a purpose like mucus
Excretion - expels waste

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11
Q

Protection

A

Physical barrier

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12
Q

Skin protects against what?

A

physical injury, trauma, bumps, scrapes

harmful chemicals, toxins, microbes

excess heat or cold

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13
Q

Temperature regulation occurs in the skin involving ______________

A

Vast capillary networks and sweat glands

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14
Q

How does temperature regulation occur?

A

Too warm -> diameter of blood vessels enlarges –> more blood flow -> sweat glands release fluid -> body cools down by evaporation

Too cold -> blood vessels constrict -> reduced blood flow -> more blood for deeper body tissues -> heat conserved

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15
Q

Vitamin D3 is AKA

A

cholecalciferol

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16
Q

When is vitamin D3 synthesized?

A

Produced by some epidermal cells when exposed to UV radiation

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17
Q

Active form of cholecalciferol __________ is considered a(n) _________

A

Calcitriol, hormone

Synthesized from cholecalciferol by some endocrine cells in the kidney

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18
Q

Vitamin D3 role

A

Increases absorption of calcium and phosphate, thus regulating levels

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19
Q

Immune cells of the epidermis

A

Epidermal dendritic cells AKA Langhans cells

Are derived from a type of white blood cell

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20
Q

Role of Langerhans/ epidermal dendritic cells

A

Initiate immune response by phagocytizing pathogens that penetrate the epidermis and against epidermal cancer cells

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21
Q

Sensory receptors of the skin can detect what?

A
  • Heat
  • Cold
  • Touch
  • Pressure
  • Texture
  • Vibration
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22
Q

Large, specialized epithelial cells that stimulate specific sensory nerve endings when distorted by fine touch or pressure

A

Tactile or Merkel cells

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23
Q

Secretions of the skin

A

Sweat - cools off the skin via evaporation Sebum - oily material that lubricates the skin and hair

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24
Q

The hypodermis is AKA

A

subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia

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25
The hypodermis is __________ to the integument
Deep
26
Components of the hypodermis
Areolar (loose) and adipose CT
27
Functions of the hypodermis
- Loosely anchors skin to underlying muscle - Stores energy - Thermal insulation - Supplies nutrients to the skin
28
Located between the hypodermis and epidermis is the _________
dermis
29
Two layers of the dermis
Papillary and reticular
30
Papillary
Thinner, more cutaneous layer of the dermis
31
The papillary layer is made of _______
areolar CT
32
Reticular
Thicker, deep layer of the dermis
33
The reticular layer is made of _________
dense irregular CT
34
The papillary layer have _______, which are projections of the dermis toward the epidermis
dermal papillae
35
________________ are lines in the deep dermis formed by the orientation of _________________
Lines of cleavage, collagen bundles
36
Lines of cleavage are important to surgeons because incisions _______ these lines heal more slowly than incisions _________ the lines
across, along
37
Epidermis
Most superficial layer of the skin
38
The epidermis is composed of what?
Keratinized squamous epithelium
39
T/F: The epidermis is vascular
False; is avascular
40
4 cells of the epidermis
- keratinocytes - melanocytes - Merkle (tactile) cells - Langerhans (dendritic) cells
41
Most abundant cells of the epidermis
keratinocytes
42
Keratin
Fibrous structural protein
43
Keratin found in the epidermal skin
Cytokeratin
44
Cytokeratin role
- Gives skin strength - Makes epidermis almost waterproof
45
Which layer are keratinocytes found in?
Stratum basale
46
What cell is found between keratinocytes?
Melanocytes
47
Melanocytes
Produce and store melanin
48
Cytoplasmic processes transfer pigment molecules _________ by _____________
Melanosomes, phagocytosis or exocytosis The pigment black, brown, or yellow-brown accumulates around the nucleus of the keratinocyte
49
Deepest epidermal layer
Stratum basale AKA stratum germinativum Contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile (Merkel) cells Single layer
50
Layer composed of several keratinocytes with new cells pushed to the surface
Stratum spinosum AKA spiny layer Contains keratinocytes and epidermal dendritic cells Multi layered
51
Stratum granulosum AKA granular layer contains ________ layers of keratinocytes
3-5
52
2 types of granules
keratohyalin (involved with keratinization) and lamellar (fuse with plasma membrane and excrude contents, typically lipids, into the extracellular space)
53
Keratinization
process by which keratinocytes fill up with the protein keratin - cells flatten - membranes thicken and become less permeable - nucleus and organelles disintegrate - cells die Dehydrated material left within the cell form a tightly interlocked layer of keratin fibers sandwiched between thickened phospholipid membranes
54
When is keratinization complete?
When cell reaches more superficial epidermal cells Dead cell but filled with keratin
55
Stratum lucidum AKA clear layer
Thin, translucent region about 2-3 cell layers thick with pale, featureless cells with indistinct boundaries
56
Keratinocytes within the stratum lucidum are flattened and filled with the protein, _______ an intermediate product in the process of keratin maturation.
eleidin
57
Cells in the stratum lucidum are only found in ________, examples are __________
thick skin, palms of hand and soles of feet
58
Most superficial layer of the epidermis
Stratum corneum (corneus = horny)
59
The stratum corneum consists of about 20 to 30 layers of dead, scaly, interlocking keratinized cells called _________
corneocytes - think dead, flattened keratinized cells These cells are anucleate (lacking a nucleus) and tightly packed together
60
Thick skin contains all 5 layers of the epidermis It also contains ____________, but no _______________
sweat glands, hair follicles or sebaceous (oil) glands
61
Thin skin lacks the __________
stratum lucidum (has 4 layers)
62
Friction ridges
Found in thick skin Increases friction Suggested to help with skin flexibility
63
Epidermal variation in skin color is caused by what 3 pigments?
Hemoglobin Melanin Carotene
64
Hemoglobin
Oxygen binding blood pigment Causes light complexion ranging from pink or blue
65
Carotene
Yellow-orange pigment acquired from food
66
Carotene is converted to ____________
vitamin A (important in normal vision)
67
Epidermal derivatives
Hair, hair follicle, glands, nails
68
Hair and hair follicles are located everywhere except
- eyelids - nipples - lips - umbilicus - portions of external genitalia - distal 1/3 - thick skin
69
Functions of hair
- Protection - Heat retention - Facial expression - Sensory reception - Visual identification - Chemical signal dispersal
70
Hair follicle
Oblique tube surrounding root hair
71
Bulb
Base of hair follicle
72
2 parts of bulb
Papilla Matrix
73
Where do cells divide by mitosis to form hair?
Matrix
74
Connective tissue root sheath
Outer layer of hair follicle originating from dermis
75
Epithelial root sheath
Inner layer of hair follicle originating from epithelial Internal and external component
76
Arrector pili
Involuntary smooth muscle that contracts when scared or cold Can also trap air around body to insulate
77
3 regions of hair
- Medulla - Cortex - Cuticle
78
2 categories of glands
Endocrine and exocrine
79
Endocrine glands
Do not have a duct (lose once mature) Secrete hormones directly into blood e.g. adrenal, thyroid, pituitary, ovaries, testes
80
Exocrine glands
Have a duct: tube that carries secretion away Secretes onto surface e.g. sweat, salivary, mammary, lacrimal (secrete tears)
81
What epithelium lines all glands?
Simple cuboidal
82
2 types of skin exocrine glands
Sudoriferous/ sweat gland Sebaceous gland
83
Two types of sudoriferous sweat glands
Apocrine and merocrine
84
Apocrine glands
- Located only in axillae, pubic region, nipples - Secretes sweat in response to sexual arousal and emotional stress - Duct opens into hair follicle
85
Merocrine glands
- Lowers body temp when sweat evaporates - Located everywhere except portion of external genitalia - Duct opens at surface of pores
86
Sebaceous glands
- Located everywhere except thick skin - Secrete sebum - oily substance; natural moisturizer and hair conditioner
87
Nails are scalelike modifications of the ___________ layer of the epidermis that form on the dorsal tips of the fingers and toes.
stratum corneum
88
The cuticle is AKA as what?
Eponychium
89
Nail root
Proximal part of nail embedded in skin
90
The nail body contains the ______, a layer of epidermis containing deep, living cells
Nail bed (fleshy part under the nail)
91
Actively growing part of the nail
Nail matrix Thickened nail bed

ANATOMY (23 decks)

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