CH 28 Flashcards
Reproductive system
1
Q
Similarities between male and female reproductive system
A
- Gonads
- Gametes
- Gametogenesis
- Sex hormones
2
Q
Gonads
A
Sex organs which form sex cells and secrete sex hormones
Ovaries in females
Testes in males
3
Q
Gametes
A
Sex cells
Oocyte in females
Spermatozoa/ sperm in males
4
Q
Gametogenesis
A
Production of sex cells
Oogenesis in females
Spermatogenesis in males
5
Q
Sex hormones in females
A
- Estrogen: group of 3 hormones; increases thickness of endometrium
- Progesterone: increases size of uterine glands and increases blood supply to endometrium
6
Q
Sex hormones in males
A
Androgens
7
Q
Testerone
A
Androgen in highest concentration; secreted by adrenal glands
Females have in lower concentration
8
Q
Functions of male reproductive system
A
- Spermatogenesis
- Secretion of androgens
- Complex system of tubes and ducts that carry sperm and seminal fluids
- Penis is organ of copulation (intercourse) that delivers sperm to oocyte
9
Q
Scrotum
A
Sac located outside the pelvic cavity that holds the testes
10
Q
Components of scrotum
A
- Dartos muscle
- Cremaster muscle
- Tunica vaginalis
- Raphe
11
Q
Raphe AKA scrotal septum
A
Divides scrotum into 2 compartment at the midline
12
Q
Dartos muscle
A
- In hypodermis (subcutaneous layer that is deep to skin) of scrotum
- Smooth muscle
- Contraction causes wrinkling of scrotum, pulls skin closer to increase temp, controlling temperature of spermatogenesis
13
Q
Cremaster muscle
A
- Skeletal muscle
- Continuation of internal abdominal oblique muscle
- Surrounded by deep fascia
- Helps control temp of spermatogenesis
- Contraction causes the testes to move up and increase temp
14
Q
Deep fascia
A
- External spermatic facscia
- Internal spermatic fascia
15
Q
Internal spermatic fascia
A
Formed by fascia deep to abdominal muscles
16
Q
External spermatic fascia
A
Formed by aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
17
Q
Tunica vaginalis
A
Continuation of peritoneum; serous membrane covering each testes
18
Q
Components of tunica vaginalis
A
- Parietal layer
- Cavity of tunica vaginalis
- Visceral layer
19
Q
Cavity of tunica vaginalis
A
Potential space between visceral and parietal layers of tunica vaginalis
20
Q
Testes
A
Oval organ housed in scrotum; produces sperm and androgen
21
Q
Components of testes
A
- Tunica albugenia
- Septa
- Lobules
- Seminiferous tubules
22
Q
Tunica albugenia
A
- Outermost layer of tunica albugenia
- Thick, white capsule
- Immediately deep to visceral layer of tunica vaginalis
23
Q
Septa
A
- Delicate CT
- Projection of tunica albugenia into testis
24
Q
Lobules
A
Subdivision of internal space of testis; about 250 per testis
25
Seminiferous tubules
Up to 4 extremely convoluted, thin, elongated tubules per lobule; site of spermatogenesis
26
Cells of seminiferous tubules
- Spermatogenic cells
- Supporting/ sustentacular/ nurse/ Sertoli cells
27
Spermatogenic cells
- Spermatogonia
- Primary spermatocytes
- Secondary spermatocytes
- Spermatids
- Spermatazoa
28
Spermatogonia
- Near base of seminiferous tubule
- Develop from primordial germ (stem) cells
- Diploid (23 pairs of chromosomes)
- Divide by mitosis
29
Primary spermatocytes
- Diploid (23 pairs)
- Undergo meoisis I
30
Secondary spermatocytes
- Haploid (23 chromosomes)
- Undergo meiosis II
- Daughter cells of primary spermatocytes
31
Spermatids
- Haploid
- Go through spermiogenesis
32
Sperm
- Head
- Midpiece
- Flagellum
33
Head
Has acrosome cap that forms over nucleus, contains digestive enzymes that help penetrate the second oocyte for fertilization
34
Neck AKA midpiece
Contains mitochondria and a centriole; provides energy to move tail
35
Tail AKA flagellum
Only in sperm; propels sperm to ovum
36
Supporting/ sustentacular/ nurse cells (of Sertoli)
- Provides nutrients to spermatogenic cells
- Form blood-testis barrier
- Secrete some androgen
37
Blood-testis barrier
Protect developing sperm from material in the blood and the body's leukocytes/ immune cells, which may be perceives the sperm as a foreign invader because of the different number of chromosomes and arrangement from the body cells
38
Interstitial spaces
Spaces outside of (between) seminiferous tubules
39
Interstitial cells AKA Leydig cells
Reside in interstitial spaces and secrete androgens
40
Ducts in male reproductive system
- Straight tubules
- Rete testis
- Efferent ductules
- Epididymis
- Ductus deferens
- Ejaculatory duct
- Urethra
41
Straight tubules
Connected to seminiferous tubules and rete testis
42
Rete testis
Network from the straight tubules; Lined with simple cuboidal ET
43
Efferent ductules
Connect the rete testis to the epididymis; 12-15 per testis; union of rete testis; lined with ciliated columnar ET that propels sperm to epididymis
44
Epididymis
- Comma shaped structure
- Internal duct and external covering of CT
- Duct of epididymis
- Stores sperm until maturity and capability of motility
45
Duct of/ Ductus epididymis
- 4 to 5 m long
- Lined with pseudostratified columnar ET with stereocilia (long microvilli)
- If sperm is not ejaculated, cells lining the duct resorb old sperm
46
Regions of epididymis
- Head: lies on superior surface of testis
- Body
- Tail
Body and tail lie on posterior surface of testis
47
Ductus deferens AKA vas deferens
- Receives sperm that leaves epididymis
- Travels through spermatic cord and enters the pelvic cavity through the inguinal canal
- Cut during a vasectomy
48
Ampulla of ductus deferens
Enlarged portion of ductus deferens as it approaches the prostate gland
49
Ejaculatory duct
- Formed by union of ampulla of ductus deferens and duct of seminal vesicle
- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar ET
- Opens into prostatic urethra
50
Male urethra
- Transports semen from both ejaculatory ducts to the outside of the body
51
Accessory glands
- Secrete fluids to mix with sperm to create seminal fluid/ sperm
- Secretions nourish the sperm and neutralize the acidity of the vagina
- Seminal vesicles
- Prostate gland
- Bulbourethral glands
52
Seminal vesicles
- Paired seminal vesicles located on the posterior surface of the urinary bladder lateral to the ampulla of the ductus deferens
- Secrete a viscous, whitish-yellow alkaline fluid containing fructose, a simple sugar that nourishes the sperm
53
Prostate gland
- Secretes mucin, citric acid (nutrient for sperm health), seminalplasmin (antibiotic that combats UTI), and prostate-specific antigen/ PSA (helps liquify semen after ejaculation)
- Inferior to the urinary bladder
- Secretions enter the prostatic urethra
54
Bulbourethral gland
- Secretes alkaline mucous, neutralizes acidity in urethra prior to ejaculation (pre ejaculation)
- Located within urogenital diaphragm
- Simple columnar and pseudostratified ET
- Ducts enter spongy urethra
55
Spermatic cord
- Travels through scrotum and inguinal canal
- Ductus (vas deferens)
- Blood and lymphatic vessels
- Nerves
- Cremaster muscle and spermatic fascia (3 layers)
56
Semen
Seminal fluid from secretions of 3 accessory glands combined with sperm from the testes
Usually 3-5 mL in volume and and contains 200-500 million sperm
57
Ejaculate
When semen is released during intercourse
58
Penis
- Root
- Glans
- Shaft
59
Root
Attached portion of penis
Consists of 2 crura and a bulb
60
Bulb
Attaches penis to bulbospongiosus muscle in urogenital triangle
61
Crura
Attaches penis to the pubic arch
62
Glans AKA head
Tip of the penis that contains the external urethral orifice
63
Prepuce AKA foreskin
Circular fold attached to the raised end of the glans that removed during circumcision
64
Shaft AKA body
Elongated, moveable portion of penis
Composed of 3 parallel, cylindrical erectile bodies: 2 corpora cavernosa and 1 corpus spongiosum. Ensheathed in tunica albugenia (also covers testis) that provides an attachment to the skin over the shaft of the penis
65
Corpus cavernosum
2 paired
Terminates in shaft of penis
Dorsolateral
66
Corpus spongiosum
Contains spongey urethra, continues within glans
67
Erectile tissue of erectile bodies
Contains network of venous spaces surrounding central artery, which fill with blood and causes an erection when sexually excited
68
Female reproductive organs
- Primary sex organ is the ovary
- Accessory sex organs
69
Accessory sex organs (female)
- Uterine tubes
- Uterus
- Vagina
- Clitoris
- Mammary glands
70
Primary function of female reproductive organs
- Oogenesis in ovaries
- Secretion of female sex hormones in ovaries
- Uterus provides an environment for developing offspring
- Mammary glands provide nutrients and some antibodies for baby
71
Ovary
Paired, oval organs that are site of oogenesis and secretion of female sex hormones
72
The ovaries are anchored within the pelvic cavity by several fold of the peritoneum
What are they?
- Mesovarium
- Broad ligament
- Ovarian ligament
- Suspensory ligament
73
Mesovarium
Double fold of peritoneum that attaches to the ovary by the hilum
74
Broad ligament
Drape of parietal peritoneum over the ovary; connects ovary and mesovarium
75
Ovarian ligament
Anchored to lateral aspect of ovary
76
Suspensory ligament (ovary)
Attaches to lateral edge of each ovary and join the ovary at the hilum
77
Components of ovary
- Germinal epithelium
- Tunica albugenia
- Cortex
- Medulla
78
Germinal epithelium
Simple cuboidal ET that covers the ovary
79
Tunica albugenia
Fibrous CT that underlies ET
80
Cortex
Contains ovarian follicles
81
Medulla
Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves; composed of areolar CT
82
Ovarian follicles
Consist of an oocyte surrounded by follicle cells that support the follicle; in cortex of ovary
Also contain granulosa cells
Each month under the influence of hormones of the pituitary, approximately 30 follicles under maturation
83
Granulosa cells
Secrete estrogen
84
Stages of follicle development
- Primordial follicle
- Primary follicle
- Secondary follicle
- Vesicular/ mature/ Graafian follicle
- Corpus luteum
- Corpus albicans
85
Primordial follicle
Females are born with hundreds of thousands
Contains a primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of simple squamous cells
86
Primary follicle
Forms from a mature primordial follicle
Contains a primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of simple cuboidal cells that are now granulosa cells
87
Secondary follicle
Forms from a mature primary follicle
Contains a primary oocyte and many layers of granulosa cells
88
Antrum
Fluid filled space containing follicular fluid that increases in volume as ovulation approaches
89
Two protective structures around oocyte
- Zona pellucida
- Corona radiata
90
Zona pellucida
Fluid membrane surrounding oocyte with protective function
91
Corona radiata
Protects oocyte and is ovulated with the oocyte; innermost layer of granulosa cells
92
Vesicular/ mature/ Graafian follicle
Contains secondary oocyte surrounded by zona pellucida, corona radiata, a large antrum, and granulosa cells
Secondary oocyte finishes meoisis II only if fertilized
If not, dries up and is repeated next month
93
Ovulation
When mature follicle releases its secondary oocyte
94
Corpus luteum
Maturation of mature follicle following ovulation
Secretes progesterone and estrogen
"yellow body"
95
Corpus albicans
Regression of corpus luteum into white scar CT that is taken up macrophages if no pregnancy happens
96
Uterine tubes/ Fallopian tubes/ Oviducts
- Extend laterally from sides of uterus
- 10-12 cm in length
- Covered in mesoalpinx, part of the broad ligament
- Fertilized egg takes approx 3 days to move from tube to uterus
97
Wall of uterine tubes
- Mucosa: ciliated simple columnar ET
- Muscularis: inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
- Serosa: external serous membrane covering uterine tube
98
Region of uterine tubes
- Infundibulum
- Ampulla
- Isthmus
- Uterine part (interstitial segment)
99
Infundibulum
Lateral opening of uterine tube
Encircled by fingerlike projections called fimbriae
100
Ampulla
Enlarged region medial to infundibulum; where fertilization usually occurs
101
Isthmus
Medial to ampulla; most narrow part of tube
102
Uterine part (interstitial segment)
Continuous with uterus
103
Regions of uterus
- Fundus
- Body
- Cervix
104
Fundus
Broad, curved superior region extending between lateral attachments of uterine tubes
105
Body
Major part of uterus; composed of thick wall of smooth muscle
106
Cervix
Narrow inferior portion of uterus that projects into vagina
107
Cervix components
- Internal os
- Cervical canal
- External os
108
Cervical canal
Narrow channel within cervix between internal and external os
109
Internal os
Superior opening into cervical canal
110
External os
Inferior opening of cervical canal into lumen of vagina
Contains mucus secreting glands that form thick mucus plug and a physical barrier that prevents pathogens from invading the uterus from the vagina
111
Ligaments supporting the uterus
- Broad ligament
- Round ligament
- Transverse cervical/ cardinal ligament
- Uterosacral ligament
112
Round ligament
Extend from lateral sides of uterus, through inguinal canal, and attaches to labia majora
113
Transverse cervical/ cardinal ligament
Run from sides of cervix and superior vagina laterally to pelvic wall
114
Uterosacral ligament
Connects inferior portion of the uterus posteriorly to the sacrum
115
Uterine wall
- Perimetrium
- Myometrium
- Endometrium
116
Perimetrium
Outermost layer of uterine wall; serous membrane that is continuous with broad ligament
117
Myometrium
Thick, middle tunic comprised of smooth muscle
118
Endometrium
Mucosa lined with simple columnar ET
Underlying lamina propria; filled with uterine glands which store glycogen and enlarge during the uterine cycle
119
2 distinct layers of endometrium
- Basal layer/ stratum basalis
- Functional layer/ stratum functionalis
120
Basal layer/ stratum basalis
Deeper layer of endometrium; remains intact during menstruation
121
Functional layer/ stratum functionalis
Changes thickness during the uterine cycle and is shed during menses
122
Vagina
- Extends from uterus to outside of the body
- Approx 10 cm long
- Opening is vaginal orifice that is posterior to urethral orifice
123
Wall of vagina
- Mucosa: lined with stratified squamous ET and has rugae
- Muscularis: smooth muscle; inner circular, outer longitudinal
- Adventitia
124
External sex organs (female)
Collectively referred as external genitalia or vulva
- Mons pubis
- Labia majora
- Labia minora
- Clitoris
- Vestibule
125
Mons pubis
Skin and adipose tissue overlying pubic symphysis
126
Labia majora
Folds of skin overlying smooth muscle and adipose CT
Homologous to scrotum of male
127
Labia minora
- Smaller fold medial to labia majora
- Skin over smooth muscle
- Anteriorly form prepuce that lies over clitoris
128
Clitoris
2 columns of erectile tissue called corpus cavernosa
Homologous to the penis
129
Vestibule
Space between labia minora
- Urethral orifice
- Vaginal orifice
- Opening for greater vestibular glands
130
Greater vestibular glands
Secrete mucous during sexual arousal to lubricate vagina
Homologous to bulbourethral glands
131
Mammary gland AKA breast
Produces and secrete milk, a complex mixture of proteins, fat, and sugar that is a source of antibodies and nutrients
132
Components of mammary gland
- Nipple
- Areola
- Lobes
- Lobules
- Lactiferous sinuses
- Suspensory ligament
133
Nipple
Cylindrical projection on center of breast containing multiple openings from ducts
134
Areola
Pinkish/brown pigmented ring of skin that surrounds the nipple
135
Areolar glands
Secrete sebum, prevents chapping during lactation
136
Lobe
Subdivision of mammary gland
137
Lobules
Further subdivision of mammary gland/ division of lobe; Contain alveoli (secretory units that produce milk) and adipose tissue
138
Lactiferous ducts
Drains breast milk from a lobe; union of lobule ducts; 10-20 channels
139
Lactiferous sinus
Stores and collects milk prior to release from the nipple; expansions of the lactiferous ducts
140
Suspensory ligament (breast)
Support gland by attaching the skin of the gland to the deep fascia of the pectoralis major muscle
