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ANATOMY > CH 28 > Flashcards

CH 28 Flashcards

Reproductive system

1
Q

Similarities between male and female reproductive system

A
  • Gonads
  • Gametes
  • Gametogenesis
  • Sex hormones
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2
Q

Gonads

A

Sex organs which form sex cells and secrete sex hormones

Ovaries in females
Testes in males

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3
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells

Oocyte in females
Spermatozoa/ sperm in males

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4
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Production of sex cells

Oogenesis in females
Spermatogenesis in males

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5
Q

Sex hormones in females

A
  • Estrogen: group of 3 hormones; increases thickness of endometrium
  • Progesterone: increases size of uterine glands and increases blood supply to endometrium
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6
Q

Sex hormones in males

A

Androgens

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7
Q

Testerone

A

Androgen in highest concentration; secreted by adrenal glands

Females have in lower concentration

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8
Q

Functions of male reproductive system

A
  • Spermatogenesis
  • Secretion of androgens
  • Complex system of tubes and ducts that carry sperm and seminal fluids
  • Penis is organ of copulation (intercourse) that delivers sperm to oocyte
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9
Q

Scrotum

A

Sac located outside the pelvic cavity that holds the testes

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10
Q

Components of scrotum

A
  • Dartos muscle
  • Cremaster muscle
  • Tunica vaginalis
  • Raphe
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11
Q

Raphe AKA scrotal septum

A

Divides scrotum into 2 compartment at the midline

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12
Q

Dartos muscle

A
  • In hypodermis (subcutaneous layer that is deep to skin) of scrotum
  • Smooth muscle
  • Contraction causes wrinkling of scrotum, pulls skin closer to increase temp, controlling temperature of spermatogenesis
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13
Q

Cremaster muscle

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Continuation of internal abdominal oblique muscle
  • Surrounded by deep fascia
  • Helps control temp of spermatogenesis
  • Contraction causes the testes to move up and increase temp
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14
Q

Deep fascia

A
  • External spermatic facscia
  • Internal spermatic fascia
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15
Q

Internal spermatic fascia

A

Formed by fascia deep to abdominal muscles

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16
Q

External spermatic fascia

A

Formed by aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle

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17
Q

Tunica vaginalis

A

Continuation of peritoneum; serous membrane covering each testes

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18
Q

Components of tunica vaginalis

A
  • Parietal layer
  • Cavity of tunica vaginalis
  • Visceral layer
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19
Q

Cavity of tunica vaginalis

A

Potential space between visceral and parietal layers of tunica vaginalis

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20
Q

Testes

A

Oval organ housed in scrotum; produces sperm and androgen

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21
Q

Components of testes

A
  • Tunica albugenia
  • Septa
  • Lobules
  • Seminiferous tubules
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22
Q

Tunica albugenia

A
  • Outermost layer of tunica albugenia
  • Thick, white capsule
  • Immediately deep to visceral layer of tunica vaginalis
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23
Q

Septa

A
  • Delicate CT
  • Projection of tunica albugenia into testis
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24
Q

Lobules

A

Subdivision of internal space of testis; about 250 per testis

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25
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Up to 4 extremely convoluted, thin, elongated tubules per lobule; site of spermatogenesis

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26
Q

Cells of seminiferous tubules

A
  • Spermatogenic cells
  • Supporting/ sustentacular/ nurse/ Sertoli cells
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27
Q

Spermatogenic cells

A
  • Spermatogonia
  • Primary spermatocytes
  • Secondary spermatocytes
  • Spermatids
  • Spermatazoa
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28
Q

Spermatogonia

A
  • Near base of seminiferous tubule
  • Develop from primordial germ (stem) cells
  • Diploid (23 pairs of chromosomes)
  • Divide by mitosis
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29
Q

Primary spermatocytes

A
  • Diploid (23 pairs)
  • Undergo meoisis I
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30
Q

Secondary spermatocytes

A
  • Haploid (23 chromosomes)
  • Undergo meiosis II
  • Daughter cells of primary spermatocytes
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31
Q

Spermatids

A
  • Haploid
  • Go through spermiogenesis
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32
Q

Sperm

A
  • Head
  • Midpiece
  • Flagellum
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33
Q

Head

A

Has acrosome cap that forms over nucleus, contains digestive enzymes that help penetrate the second oocyte for fertilization

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34
Q

Neck AKA midpiece

A

Contains mitochondria and a centriole; provides energy to move tail

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35
Q

Tail AKA flagellum

A

Only in sperm; propels sperm to ovum

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36
Q

Supporting/ sustentacular/ nurse cells (of Sertoli)

A
  • Provides nutrients to spermatogenic cells
  • Form blood-testis barrier
  • Secrete some androgen
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37
Q

Blood-testis barrier

A

Protect developing sperm from material in the blood and the body’s leukocytes/ immune cells, which may be perceives the sperm as a foreign invader because of the different number of chromosomes and arrangement from the body cells

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38
Q

Interstitial spaces

A

Spaces outside of (between) seminiferous tubules

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39
Q

Interstitial cells AKA Leydig cells

A

Reside in interstitial spaces and secrete androgens

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40
Q

Ducts in male reproductive system

A
  • Straight tubules
  • Rete testis
  • Efferent ductules
  • Epididymis
  • Ductus deferens
  • Ejaculatory duct
  • Urethra
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41
Q

Straight tubules

A

Connected to seminiferous tubules and rete testis

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42
Q

Rete testis

A

Network from the straight tubules; Lined with simple cuboidal ET

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43
Q

Efferent ductules

A

Connect the rete testis to the epididymis; 12-15 per testis; union of rete testis; lined with ciliated columnar ET that propels sperm to epididymis

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44
Q

Epididymis

A
  • Comma shaped structure
  • Internal duct and external covering of CT
  • Duct of epididymis
  • Stores sperm until maturity and capability of motility
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45
Q

Duct of/ Ductus epididymis

A
  • 4 to 5 m long
  • Lined with pseudostratified columnar ET with stereocilia (long microvilli)
  • If sperm is not ejaculated, cells lining the duct resorb old sperm
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46
Q

Regions of epididymis

A
  • Head: lies on superior surface of testis
  • Body
  • Tail

Body and tail lie on posterior surface of testis

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47
Q

Ductus deferens AKA vas deferens

A
  • Receives sperm that leaves epididymis
  • Travels through spermatic cord and enters the pelvic cavity through the inguinal canal
  • Cut during a vasectomy
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48
Q

Ampulla of ductus deferens

A

Enlarged portion of ductus deferens as it approaches the prostate gland

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49
Q

Ejaculatory duct

A
  • Formed by union of ampulla of ductus deferens and duct of seminal vesicle
  • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar ET
  • Opens into prostatic urethra
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50
Q

Male urethra

A
  • Transports semen from both ejaculatory ducts to the outside of the body
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51
Q

Accessory glands

A
  • Secrete fluids to mix with sperm to create seminal fluid/ sperm
  • Secretions nourish the sperm and neutralize the acidity of the vagina
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate gland
  • Bulbourethral glands
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52
Q

Seminal vesicles

A
  • Paired seminal vesicles located on the posterior surface of the urinary bladder lateral to the ampulla of the ductus deferens
  • Secrete a viscous, whitish-yellow alkaline fluid containing fructose, a simple sugar that nourishes the sperm
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53
Q

Prostate gland

A
  • Secretes mucin, citric acid (nutrient for sperm health), seminalplasmin (antibiotic that combats UTI), and prostate-specific antigen/ PSA (helps liquify semen after ejaculation)
  • Inferior to the urinary bladder
  • Secretions enter the prostatic urethra
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54
Q

Bulbourethral gland

A
  • Secretes alkaline mucous, neutralizes acidity in urethra prior to ejaculation (pre ejaculation)
  • Located within urogenital diaphragm
  • Simple columnar and pseudostratified ET
  • Ducts enter spongy urethra
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55
Q

Spermatic cord

A
  • Travels through scrotum and inguinal canal
  • Ductus (vas deferens)
  • Blood and lymphatic vessels
  • Nerves
  • Cremaster muscle and spermatic fascia (3 layers)
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56
Q

Semen

A

Seminal fluid from secretions of 3 accessory glands combined with sperm from the testes

Usually 3-5 mL in volume and and contains 200-500 million sperm

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57
Q

Ejaculate

A

When semen is released during intercourse

58
Q

Penis

A
  • Root
  • Glans
  • Shaft
59
Q

Root

A

Attached portion of penis

Consists of 2 crura and a bulb

60
Q

Bulb

A

Attaches penis to bulbospongiosus muscle in urogenital triangle

61
Q

Crura

A

Attaches penis to the pubic arch

62
Q

Glans AKA head

A

Tip of the penis that contains the external urethral orifice

63
Q

Prepuce AKA foreskin

A

Circular fold attached to the raised end of the glans that removed during circumcision

64
Q

Shaft AKA body

A

Elongated, moveable portion of penis

Composed of 3 parallel, cylindrical erectile bodies: 2 corpora cavernosa and 1 corpus spongiosum. Ensheathed in tunica albugenia (also covers testis) that provides an attachment to the skin over the shaft of the penis

65
Q

Corpus cavernosum

A

2 paired

Terminates in shaft of penis

Dorsolateral

66
Q

Corpus spongiosum

A

Contains spongey urethra, continues within glans

67
Q

Erectile tissue of erectile bodies

A

Contains network of venous spaces surrounding central artery, which fill with blood and causes an erection when sexually excited

68
Q

Female reproductive organs

A
  • Primary sex organ is the ovary
  • Accessory sex organs
69
Q

Accessory sex organs (female)

A
  • Uterine tubes
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
  • Clitoris
  • Mammary glands
70
Q

Primary function of female reproductive organs

A
  • Oogenesis in ovaries
  • Secretion of female sex hormones in ovaries
  • Uterus provides an environment for developing offspring
  • Mammary glands provide nutrients and some antibodies for baby
71
Q

Ovary

A

Paired, oval organs that are site of oogenesis and secretion of female sex hormones

72
Q

The ovaries are anchored within the pelvic cavity by several fold of the peritoneum

What are they?

A
  • Mesovarium
  • Broad ligament
  • Ovarian ligament
  • Suspensory ligament
73
Q

Mesovarium

A

Double fold of peritoneum that attaches to the ovary by the hilum

74
Q

Broad ligament

A

Drape of parietal peritoneum over the ovary; connects ovary and mesovarium

75
Q

Ovarian ligament

A

Anchored to lateral aspect of ovary

76
Q

Suspensory ligament (ovary)

A

Attaches to lateral edge of each ovary and join the ovary at the hilum

77
Q

Components of ovary

A
  • Germinal epithelium
  • Tunica albugenia
  • Cortex
  • Medulla
78
Q

Germinal epithelium

A

Simple cuboidal ET that covers the ovary

79
Q

Tunica albugenia

A

Fibrous CT that underlies ET

80
Q

Cortex

A

Contains ovarian follicles

81
Q

Medulla

A

Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves; composed of areolar CT

82
Q

Ovarian follicles

A

Consist of an oocyte surrounded by follicle cells that support the follicle; in cortex of ovary

Also contain granulosa cells

Each month under the influence of hormones of the pituitary, approximately 30 follicles under maturation

83
Q

Granulosa cells

A

Secrete estrogen

84
Q

Stages of follicle development

A
  • Primordial follicle
  • Primary follicle
  • Secondary follicle
  • Vesicular/ mature/ Graafian follicle
  • Corpus luteum
  • Corpus albicans
85
Q

Primordial follicle

A

Females are born with hundreds of thousands

Contains a primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of simple squamous cells

86
Q

Primary follicle

A

Forms from a mature primordial follicle

Contains a primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of simple cuboidal cells that are now granulosa cells

87
Q

Secondary follicle

A

Forms from a mature primary follicle

Contains a primary oocyte and many layers of granulosa cells

88
Q

Antrum

A

Fluid filled space containing follicular fluid that increases in volume as ovulation approaches

89
Q

Two protective structures around oocyte

A
  • Zona pellucida
  • Corona radiata
90
Q

Zona pellucida

A

Fluid membrane surrounding oocyte with protective function

91
Q

Corona radiata

A

Protects oocyte and is ovulated with the oocyte; innermost layer of granulosa cells

92
Q

Vesicular/ mature/ Graafian follicle

A

Contains secondary oocyte surrounded by zona pellucida, corona radiata, a large antrum, and granulosa cells

Secondary oocyte finishes meoisis II only if fertilized

If not, dries up and is repeated next month

93
Q

Ovulation

A

When mature follicle releases its secondary oocyte

94
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Maturation of mature follicle following ovulation

Secretes progesterone and estrogen

“yellow body”

95
Q

Corpus albicans

A

Regression of corpus luteum into white scar CT that is taken up macrophages if no pregnancy happens

96
Q

Uterine tubes/ Fallopian tubes/ Oviducts

A
  • Extend laterally from sides of uterus
  • 10-12 cm in length
  • Covered in mesoalpinx, part of the broad ligament
  • Fertilized egg takes approx 3 days to move from tube to uterus
97
Q

Wall of uterine tubes

A
  • Mucosa: ciliated simple columnar ET
  • Muscularis: inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
  • Serosa: external serous membrane covering uterine tube
98
Q

Region of uterine tubes

A
  • Infundibulum
  • Ampulla
  • Isthmus
  • Uterine part (interstitial segment)
99
Q

Infundibulum

A

Lateral opening of uterine tube

Encircled by fingerlike projections called fimbriae

100
Q

Ampulla

A

Enlarged region medial to infundibulum; where fertilization usually occurs

101
Q

Isthmus

A

Medial to ampulla; most narrow part of tube

102
Q

Uterine part (interstitial segment)

A

Continuous with uterus

103
Q

Regions of uterus

A
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Cervix
104
Q

Fundus

A

Broad, curved superior region extending between lateral attachments of uterine tubes

105
Q

Body

A

Major part of uterus; composed of thick wall of smooth muscle

106
Q

Cervix

A

Narrow inferior portion of uterus that projects into vagina

107
Q

Cervix components

A
  • Internal os
  • Cervical canal
  • External os
108
Q

Cervical canal

A

Narrow channel within cervix between internal and external os

109
Q

Internal os

A

Superior opening into cervical canal

110
Q

External os

A

Inferior opening of cervical canal into lumen of vagina

Contains mucus secreting glands that form thick mucus plug and a physical barrier that prevents pathogens from invading the uterus from the vagina

111
Q

Ligaments supporting the uterus

A
  • Broad ligament
  • Round ligament
  • Transverse cervical/ cardinal ligament
  • Uterosacral ligament
112
Q

Round ligament

A

Extend from lateral sides of uterus, through inguinal canal, and attaches to labia majora

113
Q

Transverse cervical/ cardinal ligament

A

Run from sides of cervix and superior vagina laterally to pelvic wall

114
Q

Uterosacral ligament

A

Connects inferior portion of the uterus posteriorly to the sacrum

115
Q

Uterine wall

A
  • Perimetrium
  • Myometrium
  • Endometrium
116
Q

Perimetrium

A

Outermost layer of uterine wall; serous membrane that is continuous with broad ligament

117
Q

Myometrium

A

Thick, middle tunic comprised of smooth muscle

118
Q

Endometrium

A

Mucosa lined with simple columnar ET
Underlying lamina propria; filled with uterine glands which store glycogen and enlarge during the uterine cycle

119
Q

2 distinct layers of endometrium

A
  • Basal layer/ stratum basalis
  • Functional layer/ stratum functionalis
120
Q

Basal layer/ stratum basalis

A

Deeper layer of endometrium; remains intact during menstruation

121
Q

Functional layer/ stratum functionalis

A

Changes thickness during the uterine cycle and is shed during menses

122
Q

Vagina

A
  • Extends from uterus to outside of the body
  • Approx 10 cm long
  • Opening is vaginal orifice that is posterior to urethral orifice
123
Q

Wall of vagina

A
  • Mucosa: lined with stratified squamous ET and has rugae
  • Muscularis: smooth muscle; inner circular, outer longitudinal
  • Adventitia
124
Q

External sex organs (female)

A

Collectively referred as external genitalia or vulva

  • Mons pubis
  • Labia majora
  • Labia minora
  • Clitoris
  • Vestibule
125
Q

Mons pubis

A

Skin and adipose tissue overlying pubic symphysis

126
Q

Labia majora

A

Folds of skin overlying smooth muscle and adipose CT

Homologous to scrotum of male

127
Q

Labia minora

A
  • Smaller fold medial to labia majora
  • Skin over smooth muscle
  • Anteriorly form prepuce that lies over clitoris
128
Q

Clitoris

A

2 columns of erectile tissue called corpus cavernosa

Homologous to the penis

129
Q

Vestibule

A

Space between labia minora

  • Urethral orifice
  • Vaginal orifice
  • Opening for greater vestibular glands
130
Q

Greater vestibular glands

A

Secrete mucous during sexual arousal to lubricate vagina

Homologous to bulbourethral glands

131
Q

Mammary gland AKA breast

A

Produces and secrete milk, a complex mixture of proteins, fat, and sugar that is a source of antibodies and nutrients

132
Q

Components of mammary gland

A
  • Nipple
  • Areola
  • Lobes
  • Lobules
  • Lactiferous sinuses
  • Suspensory ligament
133
Q

Nipple

A

Cylindrical projection on center of breast containing multiple openings from ducts

134
Q

Areola

A

Pinkish/brown pigmented ring of skin that surrounds the nipple

135
Q

Areolar glands

A

Secrete sebum, prevents chapping during lactation

136
Q

Lobe

A

Subdivision of mammary gland

137
Q

Lobules

A

Further subdivision of mammary gland/ division of lobe; Contain alveoli (secretory units that produce milk) and adipose tissue

138
Q

Lactiferous ducts

A

Drains breast milk from a lobe; union of lobule ducts; 10-20 channels

139
Q

Lactiferous sinus

A

Stores and collects milk prior to release from the nipple; expansions of the lactiferous ducts

140
Q

Suspensory ligament (breast)

A

Support gland by attaching the skin of the gland to the deep fascia of the pectoralis major muscle

ANATOMY (23 decks)

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