Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANATOMY > CH 26 > Flashcards

CH 26 Flashcards

Digestive system

1
Q

Digestive system functions

A
  • Ingestion
  • Digestion
  • Propulsion
  • Secretion
  • Absorption
  • Elimination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ingestion

A

Introduction of solid and liquid materials into the oral cavity (mouth); first process of digesting and absorbing nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Digestion

A

Breakdown of nutrients into molecules that can be absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Propulsion

A

Movement of contents through smooth muscle of organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Secretion

A

Process of producing and releasing mucin or fluids like acids, bile, or digestive enzymes

Mucin is protective. It mixes with water to produce mucus, which coats the GI wall to protect and lubricate it against acidic secretions and abrasion from passing materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Absorption

A

Passive or active transport of electrolytes, digestion products, vitamins, and water across the GI tract epithelium into GI tract blood and lymph vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Elimination

A

Undigestible material that cannot be absorbed becomes waste product and is expelled as feces during the process of defecation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Organs of the digestive system

A
  • Digestive organs
  • Accessory digestive organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Digestive tract/ Gastrointestinal (GI) tract/ alimentary canal

A

Continuous tube including the oral cavity (mouth), pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anal canal, and anus

Contraction of muscle in the tract propels material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Tract/ canal

A

All organs connected in sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The entire GI tract is lined by a(n) _________

A

mucous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A

Connected to the GI tract and typically develop as outgrowths of the tract; Assists the GI tract in digestion of materials

  • Teeth
  • Tongue
  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Muscular contractions in the GI tract

A
  • Peristalsis
  • Segmentation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Peristalsis

A

Wave of muscular contraction that moves material through the GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Segmentation

A

Churning and mixing of materials in the small intestine; disperses the material that is being digested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Digestive processes

A
  • Mechanical
  • Chemical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Physically breaks down large food items into smaller pieces

Includes mastication (chewing), segmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules by digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mouth/ oral cavity

A

Entrance to the GI tract, initial site of mechanical digestion (via mastication) and chemical digestion (via an enzyme in saliva)

Lining is nonkeratinized stratified squamous - protects against abrasion. Also lines esophagus, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

2 regions of oral cavity

A
  • Oral cavity proper
  • Vestibule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Oral cavity proper

A

Central to alveolar processes of mandible and maxilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Vestibule

A

Space between the teeth and mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Structures of the mouth

A
  • Cheeks
  • Roof of mouth
  • Gums
  • Lips
  • Fauces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Buccae/ cheeks

A

Buccinator muscle compresses the cheeks against the teeth to hold solid material in place while chewing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Palate/ roof of mouth

A
  • Hard
  • Soft
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Hard palate

A
  • Hard and bony
  • Anterior 2/3 of palate
  • Formed by palatine processes of maxillae and horizontal plates of palatine bones
  • Dense CT and nonkeratinized stratified squamous ET
  • Has transverse palatine folds/ friction ridges to assist the tongue in manipulating ingested material prior to swallowing
  • Separates nasal and oral cavities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Soft palate

A
  • Posterior 1/3
  • Soft and muscular
  • Mostly skeletal muscle and nonkeratinized stratified squamous ET
  • Conical projection: uvula
  • Uvula and soft palate elevate when we swallow to close off the posterior entrance to the nasopharynx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Gingivae/ gums

A

Dense irregular CT with overlaid nonkeratinized stratified squamous ET

Surrounds neck of teeth and cover alveolar processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Labia/ lips

A

Form anterior wall of oral cavity

Red color from abundance of superficial blood vessels and reduced amount of keratin within the outer ET layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Fauces

A

Opening between the oral cavity and oropharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Saliva

A

Fluid consisting of serous fluid and mucous that assists in initial process of digestion

  • Moistens ingested food into bolus
  • Moistens, cleans, and lubricates oral cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Serous fluid

A

Watery fluid containing digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Mucous

A

Helps hold food particles together and makes bolus slippery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Bolus

A

Clump of food that is easier to swallow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

3 major salivary glands

A
  • Parotid
  • Sublingual
  • Submandibular

Secretes saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Minor salivary glands

A
  • Gingival
  • Lingual: surface of tongue
  • Buccal
  • Labial
  • Palatal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Parotid salivary gland

A
  • Largest of the salivary glands
  • Anterior to ear
  • 25-30% of saliva
  • Parotid duct secretes into vestibule near upper 2nd molar
  • Only serous secretions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Sublingual salivary gland

A
  • Smallest of the salivary glands
  • Inferior to tongue
  • Sublingual duct secretes to floor of oral cavity
  • 3-5% of saliva
  • Serous and mucous secretions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Submandibular salivary gland

A
  • Inferior to mandibular body
  • Secretes largest percentage of saliva: 60-70%
  • Submandibular duct opens lateral to lingual frenulum
  • Serous and mucous secretions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Teeth

A
  • Collectively known as dentition
  • Responsible for mastication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Regions of teeth

A
  • Crown
  • Root
  • Cervical region
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Crown

A

Exposed, visible part of tooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Cervical region/ Neck

A

Between root and crown, around the gum line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Root

A

Part of teeth embedded in bone; Anchors tooth to jaw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Tissues of teeth

A
  • Enamel
  • Dentin
  • Pulp
  • Cementum
  • Periodontal ligament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Enamel

A
  • Hardest substance in body, composed of calcium phosphate crystals
  • Forms crown
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Cementum

A

Ensheaths root of teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Dentin

A
  • Most of teeth
  • Harder than bone
  • Deep to cementum and enamel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Pulp

A

Connective tissue that is in the center pulp cavity of tooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Periodontal ligament/ membrane

A

Collagen fibers that hold the teeth in place; most sensitive part of tooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Sets of teeth

A
  • 20 deciduous/ primary teeth (6-30 months) – no premolar or 3rd molar
  • 32 secondary/ permanent teeth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Types of teeth

A
  • Incisors
  • Canine/ cuspid
  • Premolars/ bicuspid
  • Molar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Incisor

A
  • Most anteriorly placed teeth
  • Chisel shaped
  • Single root
  • Slice or cut into food
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Canine/ cuspid

A
  • Pointed tip
  • Posterolateral to incisors
  • Puncture or tear food
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Cusp

A

Prominent ridges used to crush or grind ingested materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Premolar/ bicuspids

A
  • Posterolateral to canines
  • Flat crown with cusps
  • Crush or grind food
  • 1 or 2 roots
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Molar

A
  • Thickest, most posteriorly placed teeth
  • Large, broad, flat crown with cusps
  • Crush or grind food
  • 3+ roots
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Pharynx

A

Common space used by digestive and respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Steps of swallowing

A

Food is broken down mechanically and chemically

1) Bolus formed
2) Bolus is pushed to oropharynx by tongue against hard palate
3) Swallowing reflex is stimulated
4) Nasal cavities, trachea, and oral cavity are closed off by soft palate and uvula
5) Bolus enters oropharynx, larygnopharynx, and esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Layers of alimentary canal from esophagus to large intestine

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis
  • Serosa or adventitia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Mucosa/ mucous membrane

A

Innermost layer of alimentary canal

  • Epithelium
  • Lamina propria
  • Muscularis mucosae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Epithelium of mucosa

A

Inner superficial layer lining lumen of alimentary canal, usually simple columnar or nonkeratinized stratified squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Lamina propria

A

Underlying areolar CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Muscularis mucosae

A

Relatively thin layer of smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Submucosa

A
  • Blood vessels
  • Glands (secretes mucin)
  • Submucosal/ Meissner’s plexus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Tissue of submucosa

A

Dense irregular or areolar CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Submucosal/ Meissner plexus

A

Nerve fibers and associated ganglia (sensory neurons, sympathetic postganglionic axons, parasympathetic ganglia); component of enteric nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Muscularis

A
  • Inner circular layer (smooth muscle)
  • Outer longitudinal layer (smooth muscle)
  • Myenteric/ Auerbach’s plexus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Myenteric/ Auerbach’s plexus

A

Controls smooth muscle layers of muscularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Adventitia/ serosa

A

Adventitia: fibrous CT/ areolar CT with dispersed collagen and elastic fibers

Serosa: adventitia but covered visceral peritoneum; serous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Esophagus

A
  • Tubular pathway that moves food from the laryngopharynx to stomach by peristalsis
  • Passes through the esophageal hiatus in diaphragm to connect to the stomach
  • Travels posterior to trachea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Wall of esophagus

A
  • Mucosa : stratified squamous epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
  • Submucosa: blood vessels, glands, submucosal plexus
  • Muscularis: upper 1/3 all skeletal muscle, middle 1/3 skeletal and smooth muscle, lower 1/3 all smooth muscle
  • Adventitia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Esophageal sphincter

A
  • Superior esophageal sphincter
  • Inferior esophageal/ cardiac sphincter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Superior esophageal sphincter

A

At junction of laryngopharynx and esophagus; closes during inhalation preventing air from entering the GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Inferior esophageal/ cardiac sphincter

A

At junction of esophagus and stomach; prevents materials from regurgitating from stomach into esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Stomach

A
  • Left upper quadrant of abdomen
  • Continues mechanical and chemical digestion of food (secretes digestive enzyme)
  • Some absorption occurs across the stomach lining (water, simple drugs, some drugs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Chyme

A

Pastelike substance after the bolus is processed in the stomach

1) mechanical digestion by contractions of muscularis layer that churns and mixes the bolus with gastric secretions
2) chemical digestion through its gastric secretions of acid and enzymes

78
Q

Regions of stomach

A
  • Cardia
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Pylorus
79
Q

Cardia/ cardiac region

A

Small, narrow, superior entryway into stomach lumen from esophagus

Cardiac orifice: internal opening where the cardia meets the esophagus

80
Q

Fundus/ fundic region

A

Dome-shaped region lateral and superior to connection of esophagus and stomach

Superior surface makes contact with diaphragm

81
Q

Body/ corpus

A

Largest region of the stomach; Inferior to fundus and cardiac orifice

82
Q

Pylorus/ pyloric region

A

Narrow, medially direct, funnel-shaped pouch that forms the terminal region of the stomach

83
Q

Components of pylorus

A
  • Pyloric antrum
  • Pyloric canal
84
Q

Pyloric antrum

A

More expanded region of the pylorus near the body of the stomach

85
Q

Pyloric canal

A

More narrow region that connects to the duodenum

86
Q

Pyloric orifice

A

Opening into the small intestine

87
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Ring of smooth muscle surrounding the pyloric orifice ; regulates entrance of chyme into small intestine

Closes upon on sympathetic innervation and opens up upon parasympathetic innervation

88
Q

Greater curvature

A

Inferior convex border; Attaches to the greater omentum

89
Q

Lesser curvature

A

Superior concave border; Attaches to lesser omentum

90
Q

Gastric folds/ rugae

A

Folds in the inner surface of the stomach to allow for expansion

91
Q

Wall of the stomach

A
  • Mucosa: simple columnar ET, lamina propria, lymph vessel, muscularis mucosae
  • Submucosa: submucosal nerve plexus
  • Muscularis: oblique layer, circular layer, longitudinal layer
  • Serosa
92
Q

Gastric glands

A

Branched tubular glands, secrete products into the stomach

93
Q

Gastric pits

A

Opening of gastric glands; depression that distinguishes stomach mucosa

94
Q

Cells of gastric glands

A
  • Surface mucous cells
  • Mucous neck cells
  • Parietal cell
  • Chief cell
  • Enteroendocrine cell
95
Q

Surface mucous cell

A

Line stomach lumen and secrete mucin to prevent ulceration of lining upon exposure to acid; protect epithelium from gastric enzymes

96
Q

Mucous neck cell

A

Secretes acidic mucin to keep acidic condition of stomach

97
Q

Parietal cell

A

Secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) to denature proteins for chemical digestion and intrinsic factor that binds to vitamin B12 to help absorption of the vitamin

98
Q

Chief cell

A

Secretes inactive pepsinogen, which, with acid, is converted into pepsin that chemically digests denatured proteins into smaller fragments

99
Q

Small intestine

A
  • Region where chemical digestion is completed and nutrients are absorbed
  • Ingested materials (chyme) spend at least 12 hours
  • 20 feet in cadaver, 10 ft in living humans
100
Q

3 regions of small intestine

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
101
Q

Duodenum

A
  • C-shaped
  • Upper right quadrant
  • Only part of small intestine that is retroperitoneal
  • Major duodenal papilla
  • 10” (in)
102
Q

Major duodenal papilla

A

Site where pancreatic secretions and bile enter the duodenum

103
Q

Jejunum

A
  • Middle portion of small intestine
  • Primary region for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
  • 3’ (ft)
104
Q

Ileum

A
  • Distal end terminates at ileocecal valve, sphincter that controls the entry of materials into large intestine
  • 6’
105
Q

Wall of small intestine

A
  • Mucosa: simple columnar ET, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis: inner circular layer, outer longitudinal
  • Serosa
106
Q

Special features of small intestine that increases surface area

A
  • Circular folds
  • Villi
  • Intestinal glands/ crypts
  • Microvilli
107
Q

Circular folds/ plicae circularis

A

Folds in mucosa and submucosa of small intestine

108
Q

Villi

A

Fingerlike projections on surface of circular folds of mucosa to increase SA and slowdown movement of chyme to maximize nutrient absorption

Each has their own blood capillary

109
Q

Intestinal glands/ crypts

A

Short-tunnel like depressions between villi

110
Q

Microvilli

A

On absorptive cells

111
Q

Cells of mucosa of small intestine

A
  • Absorptive cells
  • Goblet cells
  • Enteroendocrine cells
  • Paneth cells
112
Q

Absorptive cells

A

Have microvilli

113
Q

Goblet cells

A

Secrete mucous

114
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A

Secrete digestive enzymes (coordinates activities of stomach, pancreas, and gallbladder)

115
Q

Paneth cells

A

Located at base of intestinal gland; secrete bacteriocidal enzymes

116
Q

Duodenal glands/ submucosal glands/ Brunner’s glands

A

Glands in the submucosa of small intestine; secrete alkaline mucous

117
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

Lymphatic nodules in submucosa of ileum

118
Q

Large intestine/ colon

A
  • Forms 3 sided perimeter around centrally located small intestine
  • Large diameter than small intestine (hence name; small intestine longer)
  • Absorbs fluids and ions and compacts indigestible waste and solidifies into feces
  • Stores feces until defecation (expulsion of feces)
119
Q

Segments of large intestine

A
  • Ascending colon
  • Descending colon
  • Transverse colon
  • Sigmoid colon
120
Q

Ascending colon

A
  • From ileoccal valve to superior edge of cecum
  • Retroperitoneal
  • Posterior wall directly adheres to posterior abdominal wall
121
Q

Right colic/ hepatic flexure

A

90 degree turn of ascending colon toward left side of abdominal cavity as it approaches the inferior side of the liver

122
Q

Transverse colon

A

From right colic flexure, curves and projects horizontally across the anterior region of the abdominal cavity

Intraperitoneal

123
Q

Left colic/ splenic flexure

A

90 degree inferior turn as the transverse colon approaches the spleen in the left upper quadrant

124
Q

Descending colon

A
  • Retroperitoneal
  • Along left side of abdominal cavity
  • Descends vertically from left colic flexure until termination at sigmoid colon
125
Q

Sigmoid colon

A
  • Intraperitoneal
  • S-shaped
  • Terminates at the rectum
126
Q

Sigmoid flexure

A

Where descending colon curves and turns inferomedially into pelvic cavity

127
Q

Rectum

A

Retroperitoneal structure that connects to sigmoid colon; Muscular tube that expands to store accumulated feces before defecation

128
Q

Anal canal

A

Passes through opening in levator ani muscles of pelvic floor and terminates at anus

129
Q

Internal anal sphincter

A

Involuntary smooth muscle

130
Q

External anal sphincter

A

Voluntary smooth muscle

131
Q

Cecum

A

Initial region of colon that is a blind sac to the right of the lower abdominal quadrant

132
Q

Vermiform appendix

A

Thin, hollow, fingerlike sac that extends inferiorly to the cecum; Lined with lymphocyte-filled lymphatic nodules

133
Q

Teniae coli

A

3 thin, longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle fibers in outer longitudinal layer , help bunch up into sacs called haustra

*muscularis of cecum and large intestine has 2 layers of smooth muscle, the outer longitudinal layer isn’t fully enclosed

134
Q

Omental appendices/ epiploic appendages

A

Lobules of fat hanging off haustra

135
Q

Mucosa of large intestine

A
  • Lined with simple columnar ET
  • Goblet and absorptive cells
  • Has intestinal glands/ crypt
136
Q

Peritoneum

A

Serous membrane surrounding abdominal organs

137
Q

Intraperitoneal

A

Organs completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum

Include stomach, most of small intestine

138
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Organs behind the peritoneum; lie in direct contact with posterior abdominal and pelvic walls

Only covered on anterolateral surfaces with visceral peritoneum

Include pancreas, ascending and descending colon, rectum

139
Q

Mesentery

A

Fold of peritoneum that support and stabilize intraperitoneal GI tract organs

Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves are sandwiched between 2 folds to supply digestive organs

140
Q

What are the mesenteries?

A
  • Greater omentum
  • Lesser omentum
  • Transverse mesocolon
  • Sigmoid mesocolon
  • Mesentery (proper)
  • Parietal peritoneum
  • Visceral peritoneum
141
Q

Greater omentum

A

Stores fat; Extends inferiorly from greater curvature of stomach, covers most abdominal organs

142
Q

Lesser omentum

A

Connects to lesser curvature of stomach to liver

143
Q

Mesentery (proper)

A

Suspends most of small intestine from posterior abdominal wall

144
Q

Transverse mesocolon

A

Peritoneal fold that attaches the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall

145
Q

Sigmoid mesocolon

A

Fold that attaches the sigmoid colon to the posterior abdominal wall

146
Q

Liver

A
  • Largest internal organ
  • Located in right upper quadrant
  • One of functions is to produce bile
147
Q

2 ligaments supporting the liver

A
  • Coronary ligament
  • Falciform ligament

Both formed by peritoneum

148
Q

Coronary ligament

A

Attaches liver to diaphragm

149
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Attaches liver to anterior abdominal wall

150
Q

Lobes of liver

A
  • Right lobe
  • Left lobe
  • Caudate lobe
  • Quadrate lobe
151
Q

Which ligament separates the bigger right and left lobes?

A

Vertical falciform ligament

152
Q

Round ligament of liver

A

Inferior free edge of falciform ligament; previously fetal umbilical vein

153
Q

Caudate lobe

A

Subdivision of right lobe adjacent to the inferior vena cava

154
Q

Quadrate lobe

A

Subdivision of the right lobe adjacent to the gallbladder

155
Q

Ligamentum venosum

A

Vertical inferior part of liver; previously fetal ductus venosus

156
Q

Porta hepatis

A

Horizontal crossbar where blood and lymph vessels, bile ducts, and nerves enter and leave the liver

  • Hepatic artery proper
  • Common hepatic duct
  • Hepatic portal vein
157
Q

Hepatic artery proper

A

Branch of celiac trunk

158
Q

Hepatic arteries

A

Left and right branching of hepatic artery proper

159
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Receives blood from digestive organs

160
Q

Lobules

A

Functional unit of liver; division of liver lobes

161
Q

Lobule components

A
  • Central vein
  • Hepatocytes
  • Kupffer cells
  • Bile canaliculi
  • Portal triad
  • Hepatic sinusoids
162
Q

Central vein

A

Vein in center of liver lobules that collect venous blood and drain blood from the lobule

163
Q

Hepatic veins

A

Union of central veins that empty into the IVC

164
Q

Hepatic sinusoids

A

Channel that blood flows that contain Kupffer cells; thin walled leaky capillaries where arterial and venous blood mix and flow into the hepatic lobule toward the central vein

165
Q

Kupffer/reticuloendothelial cells

A

Kill pathogens in blood as blood flows through hepatic sinusoids (phagocytic and immune functions), recycle old erthrocytes and worn out formed elements

166
Q

Bile canaliculi

A

Channel where bile flows through

167
Q

Hepatocyte/ hepatic cell/ liver cell

A

Performs functions of liver including producing bile, detoxing drugs, metabolites, and poisons, storing excess nutrients and vitamins, synthesizing blood plasma proteins

168
Q

Portal triad

A

Carries blood to liver from digestive organs

  • Branch of bile duct
  • Branch of hepatic portal vein
  • Branch of hepatic artery
169
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

branch of hepatic artery + branch of hepatic vein
hepatic sinusoid
central vein
intralobular vein
hepatic veins
IVC
RA

170
Q

Bile

A
  • Greenish fluid containing water, bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, electrolytes
  • Emulsifies fats, breaks larger clumps of fat into droplets
  • Increases SA for lipase (fat digesting enzyme) to bind to
171
Q

Hepatic ducts

A

L/R; where left and right lobes of liver drain bile into

172
Q

Common hepatic duct

A

Union of left and right hepatic ducts

173
Q

Cystic duct

A

Attaches to common hepatic duct to carry bile to and from the gallbladder

Direction of flow directed by hormones

174
Q

Common bile duct

A

Union of cystic and common hepatic duct

175
Q

Biliary apparatus

A

Network of thin ducts that carry bile from liver and gallbladder to duodenum

R/L hepatic ducts
common hepatic duct
cystic duct
common bile duct

1) left and right hepatic ducts merge to form common hepatic duct
2) common hepatic and cystic ducts merge to form a common bile duct
3) Pancreatic duct merges with common bile duct at hepatopancreatic ampulla
4) Bile and pancreatic juices enter the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla

176
Q

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

Posteriorly placed swelling in duodenal wall where common bile duct and main pancreatic duct merge and pierce the duodenal wall; where bile and pancreatic juices mix

177
Q

Major duodenal papilla

A

Where bile-pancreatic juice mixture leaves and empties into the duodenum

178
Q

Gallbladder

A
  • Stores and concentrates bile until we eat a fatty meal
  • Embedded on inferior surface of liver
  • Cystic duct connects gallbladder to common bile duct
179
Q

Layers of gallbladder wall

A
  • Mucosa: simple columnar ET with rugae
  • Muscularis: smooth muscle
  • Serosa
180
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Posterior to stomach in LUQ
  • Retroperitoneal
  • Endocrine (hormones) and exocrine (enzymes) gland
181
Q

Regions of pancreas

A
  • Head: fit in C-shaped curve of duodenum
  • Body
  • Tail
182
Q

Pancreatic acini

A
  • Exocrine gland - 99% of pancreas
  • Secretes pancreatic juices into ducts
183
Q

Pancreatic juice

A
  • Alkaline fluid: neutralizes acidic chyme
  • Digestive enzymes: breaks down all nutrients (proteins, fats, nucleic acids, carbohydrates)
184
Q

Pancreatic islet

A
  • Endocrine - 1% of pancreas
  • Secretes insulin- hormone which regulates glucose in blood
185
Q

Acinar cells

A

Simple cuboidal ET cells that line the pancreatic ducts

186
Q

Acini

A

Clusters of acinar cells

187
Q

Main pancreatic duct

A

Union of pancreatic ducts where most of pancreatic juices travel through

188
Q

The main pancreatic duct drains into the _______

A

major duodenal papilla

189
Q

The small accessory pancreatic duct drains into the _________

A

minor duodenal papilla

190
Q

Bile and pancreatic ducts

A

1) Left and right lobes of liver drain into left and right hepatic ducts
2) Left and right hepatic ducts merge to form common hepatic duct
3) Cystic and common hepatic duct to form common bile duct
4) Common bile duct and main pancreatic duct merge to form hepatopancreatic ampulla, which enters duodenum at greater duodenal papilla
5) Accessory pancreatic duct enters duodenum at lesser duodenal papilla

ANATOMY (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions