CH 4 Flashcards
Tissues (epithelium, connective)
1
Q
Tissue
A
Group of similar cells
2
Q
Histology
A
Study of tissue
3
Q
Body has about how many cells?
A
75 trillion
4
Q
4 categories of tissues
A
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
5
Q
Where can you find epithelial tissue?
A
Covering all surfaces and lining body cavities
e.g. hollow organs, blood vessels, tubes
6
Q
What is meant by epithelial tissues are avascular?
A
Lack blood vessels and receive nutrients from underlying connective tissue
7
Q
What does the ET rest on?
A
Basement membrane (basal lamina)
8
Q
ET is characterized by ___________ cells
A
Closely packed cells - little to no intracellular matrix
9
Q
How are ET named?
A
Number cell
10
Q
Simple epithelial
A
ET with 1 layer of cells
11
Q
Stratified epithelium
A
ET with >1 layer of cells
12
Q
What are the different epithelial cell shapes?
A
Squamous: flat, plate-like
Cuboidal: as flat as wide, cube-shaped
Columnar: column, taller than wide
13
Q
Simple squamous epithelium
A
Single layer of flat (squamous) cells
14
Q
What is simple squamous tissue specialized for?
A
Diffusion
15
Q
Diffusion
A
Movement of substance across a cell membrane
16
Q
Diffusion is a passive process and hence, doesn’t require _______
A
ATP adenosine triphosphate
17
Q
Location of simple squamous tissue
A
Lining all blood vessels, forms wall of capillaries, alveoli, kidney tubules, serous membranes
18
Q
Alveoli
A
Air sacs in the lungs
19
Q
Simple cuboidal epithelium
A
Single layer of cube shaped cells
20
Q
Simple cuboidal cells are specialized for?
A
Absorption and secretion
21
Q
Absorption
A
Intake of a substance
22
Q
Secretion
A
Moving a substance out of the cell
23
Q
Location of simple cuboidal tissue
A
kidney tubules, lines all glands, covers ovaries
24
Q
Simple columnar epithelium
A
Single layer of column shaped cells
25
Simple columnar have _______
What do they do?
Goblet cells: one-cell glands, secrete mucous
26
Simple columnar cells are specialized for what?
Absorption and secretion
27
Location of simple columnar tissue
lines GI tract, lines uterus, lines uterine tubes (ciliated)
28
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
One layer of cells, but not all cells reach apical (free) surface; nuclei at different levels
29
What do ciliated pseudostratified columnar tissue possess?
Cilia and goblet cells
30
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar are specialized for what?
Secretion and protection
31
Location of ciliated pseudostratified columnar
Lines most of respiratory tract
32
Stratified squamous epithelium
Many layers of squamous cells
33
Stratified squamous are specialized for what?
Protection from abrasion
34
Location of stratified squamous?
epidermis of skin, lines mouth, esophagus, vagina, anal canal
35
Transitional epithelium
Many layers of cells found lining inside of organs which carry or store urine; cells change shape depending on whether the bladder is full or empty
36
Transitional is specialized for what?
Stretching
37
Location of transitional ET
Urinary bladder, ureters, portion of urethra
38
What is commonly found in transitional ET?
A binucleated cells
39
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
A few layers of epithelium tissue of cuboidal cells
40
Stratified cuboidal ET is specialized for?
Secretion and protection
41
Location of stratified cuboidal ET
lines large sweat glands, inside ovaries
42
Stratified columnar epithelium
A few layers of cells, surface cells are columnar
43
Stratified columnar are specialized for what?
Secretion and protection
44
Location of stratified columnar ET
lines ducts of some glands, portion of male urethra
45
Intercellular junction
Strongly bind epithelial cells on their lateral surfaces
46
Types of intercellular junction
- tight junctions
- gap junctions
- desmosomes and hemidesmosomes
47
Tight junctions
Prevents molecules from traveling between epithelium cells
"gatekeepers" between external and internal environments
48
__________ "glue" encircles cells near their apical surface
Glycoprotein
49
Location of tight junctions
Lining of urinary bladder, stomach, intestines
50
Desmosomes acts like ___________ between adjacent cells
a button or snap
51
Desmosomes are __________ on adjacent cell membranes reinforced with ____________
protein plaque, filaments
52
Location of desmosomes
areas of mechanical stress between cells in epidermis and cardiac muscle
53
Hemidesmosomes have a similar structure to desmosomes but are located where?
Between basal layer of cells and basement membrane
54
Gap junctions AKA communicating junctions
Fluid-filled channels that directly connect to the cytoplasm of adjacent cells
55
Function of gap junctions
Allow adjacent cells to communicate with each other by flow of ions and other molecular messengers
56
Location of gap junctions
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
57
Largest and most diverse group of tissue
Connective tissue
58
Connective tissue is characterized by scattered cells with ___________________
Intercellular (extracellular) matrix
59
What two components of extracellular matrix?
Fibers
Ground substance
60
Only CT without fibers
Blood
61
2 categories of CT
- Proper
- Specialized
62
Proper CT
Bind, hold other tissues in place
e.g. tendons, ligament
63
Specialized CT
have specialized functions
e.g. blood, bone, cartilage
64
Common cells in CT
- Fibroblasts/cyte
- Mast cell
- Macrophages
65
Fibroblast
Fiber forming cells
66
Blast
to form
67
Fibrocytes
mature cells that maintain fibers
68
Mast cell have what kind of appearance?
Red granulated appearance
69
Mast cell granules contain ________ with ______
Heparin - anti coagulant, prevents blood forming
histamine - promotes inflammation
70
Macrophages
pseudopod "false foot"
move through tissue to areas of injury or infection
no characteristic look
71
3 common fibers
- Collagen
- Elastic
- Reticular fibers
72
What is the most abundant protein in the body?
Collagen
73
Collagen characteristic and function
Very strong-- good at holding other tissues in place
74
How do collagen fibers look?
Thickest long
White in living tissue
Stained in slides, usually pinkish
75
Where might you might find collagen?
Tendon, ligaments
76
Elastic is composed of ________
elastin-- good at stretching
77
How do elastic fibers look?
Long thin
Yellow in living tissue
Usually dark purple or black stain in slides
78
Reticular fibers
Form weblike supportive framework in some organs
79
How do reticular fibers look?
Short
Black stain typically
80
Areolar AKA loose CT
Fills in space between organs and tissue, supplies nutrients to avascular ET
81
What fibers are found in areolar tissue?
Collagen and elastic
82
Location of areolar tissue
surrounds organs, in the hypodermis, underlies ET throughout the body
83
Dense connective tissue
More fibers than loose CT with more dense arrangement
84
3 types of dense CT
- Dense irregular
- Dense regular
- Elastic
85
Dense regular
Very strong, good at binding other tissue
86
Dense irregular
provides strength and elasticity
87
_________ fibers of dense regular CT run ________
collagen, parallel
88
Dense irregular CT fibers
Collagen and elastic
89
Location of dense irregular CT
dermis of skin, periosteum, perichondrium
90
Dermis
Deepest layer of skin
91
Peri
surrounding
92
osteum
bone
93
chondrium
cartilage
94
Elastic CT
Allow tissue to stretch and return to original shape
Parallel elastic fibers
95
Location of elastic CT
vocal cords, walls of arteries (stretch to receive blood)
96
Adipose tissue function
protection, insulation, energy source
97
Adipose tissue is composed of ___________
adipocyte
98
Location of adipose CT
hypodermis, surrounding vital organs, storage areas
99
Reticular CT
forms supportive framework in some organs
100
Reticular CT contains what?
reticular fibers, fibroblasts, leukocytes
101
Locations of reticular CT
spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow
