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ANATOMY > CH 4 > Flashcards

CH 4 Flashcards

Tissues (epithelium, connective)

1
Q

Tissue

A

Group of similar cells

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2
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissue

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3
Q

Body has about how many cells?

A

75 trillion

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4
Q

4 categories of tissues

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
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5
Q

Where can you find epithelial tissue?

A

Covering all surfaces and lining body cavities

e.g. hollow organs, blood vessels, tubes

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6
Q

What is meant by epithelial tissues are avascular?

A

Lack blood vessels and receive nutrients from underlying connective tissue

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7
Q

What does the ET rest on?

A

Basement membrane (basal lamina)

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8
Q

ET is characterized by ___________ cells

A

Closely packed cells - little to no intracellular matrix

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9
Q

How are ET named?

A

Number cell

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10
Q

Simple epithelial

A

ET with 1 layer of cells

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11
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

ET with >1 layer of cells

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12
Q

What are the different epithelial cell shapes?

A

Squamous: flat, plate-like
Cuboidal: as flat as wide, cube-shaped
Columnar: column, taller than wide

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13
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Single layer of flat (squamous) cells

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14
Q

What is simple squamous tissue specialized for?

A

Diffusion

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15
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of substance across a cell membrane

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16
Q

Diffusion is a passive process and hence, doesn’t require _______

A

ATP adenosine triphosphate

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17
Q

Location of simple squamous tissue

A

Lining all blood vessels, forms wall of capillaries, alveoli, kidney tubules, serous membranes

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18
Q

Alveoli

A

Air sacs in the lungs

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19
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Single layer of cube shaped cells

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20
Q

Simple cuboidal cells are specialized for?

A

Absorption and secretion

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21
Q

Absorption

A

Intake of a substance

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22
Q

Secretion

A

Moving a substance out of the cell

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23
Q

Location of simple cuboidal tissue

A

kidney tubules, lines all glands, covers ovaries

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24
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of column shaped cells

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25
Q

Simple columnar have _______

What do they do?

A

Goblet cells: one-cell glands, secrete mucous

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26
Q

Simple columnar cells are specialized for what?

A

Absorption and secretion

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27
Q

Location of simple columnar tissue

A

lines GI tract, lines uterus, lines uterine tubes (ciliated)

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28
Q

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

One layer of cells, but not all cells reach apical (free) surface; nuclei at different levels

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29
Q

What do ciliated pseudostratified columnar tissue possess?

A

Cilia and goblet cells

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30
Q

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar are specialized for what?

A

Secretion and protection

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31
Q

Location of ciliated pseudostratified columnar

A

Lines most of respiratory tract

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32
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Many layers of squamous cells

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33
Q

Stratified squamous are specialized for what?

A

Protection from abrasion

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34
Q

Location of stratified squamous?

A

epidermis of skin, lines mouth, esophagus, vagina, anal canal

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35
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Many layers of cells found lining inside of organs which carry or store urine; cells change shape depending on whether the bladder is full or empty

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36
Q

Transitional is specialized for what?

A

Stretching

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37
Q

Location of transitional ET

A

Urinary bladder, ureters, portion of urethra

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38
Q

What is commonly found in transitional ET?

A

A binucleated cells

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39
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

A few layers of epithelium tissue of cuboidal cells

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40
Q

Stratified cuboidal ET is specialized for?

A

Secretion and protection

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41
Q

Location of stratified cuboidal ET

A

lines large sweat glands, inside ovaries

42
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

A few layers of cells, surface cells are columnar

43
Q

Stratified columnar are specialized for what?

A

Secretion and protection

44
Q

Location of stratified columnar ET

A

lines ducts of some glands, portion of male urethra

45
Q

Intercellular junction

A

Strongly bind epithelial cells on their lateral surfaces

46
Q

Types of intercellular junction

A
  • tight junctions
  • gap junctions
  • desmosomes and hemidesmosomes
47
Q

Tight junctions

A

Prevents molecules from traveling between epithelium cells

“gatekeepers” between external and internal environments

48
Q

__________ “glue” encircles cells near their apical surface

A

Glycoprotein

49
Q

Location of tight junctions

A

Lining of urinary bladder, stomach, intestines

50
Q

Desmosomes acts like ___________ between adjacent cells

A

a button or snap

51
Q

Desmosomes are __________ on adjacent cell membranes reinforced with ____________

A

protein plaque, filaments

52
Q

Location of desmosomes

A

areas of mechanical stress between cells in epidermis and cardiac muscle

53
Q

Hemidesmosomes have a similar structure to desmosomes but are located where?

A

Between basal layer of cells and basement membrane

54
Q

Gap junctions AKA communicating junctions

A

Fluid-filled channels that directly connect to the cytoplasm of adjacent cells

55
Q

Function of gap junctions

A

Allow adjacent cells to communicate with each other by flow of ions and other molecular messengers

56
Q

Location of gap junctions

A

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

57
Q

Largest and most diverse group of tissue

A

Connective tissue

58
Q

Connective tissue is characterized by scattered cells with ___________________

A

Intercellular (extracellular) matrix

59
Q

What two components of extracellular matrix?

A

Fibers
Ground substance

60
Q

Only CT without fibers

A

Blood

61
Q

2 categories of CT

A
  • Proper
  • Specialized
62
Q

Proper CT

A

Bind, hold other tissues in place

e.g. tendons, ligament

63
Q

Specialized CT

A

have specialized functions

e.g. blood, bone, cartilage

64
Q

Common cells in CT

A
  • Fibroblasts/cyte
  • Mast cell
  • Macrophages
65
Q

Fibroblast

A

Fiber forming cells

66
Q

Blast

A

to form

67
Q

Fibrocytes

A

mature cells that maintain fibers

68
Q

Mast cell have what kind of appearance?

A

Red granulated appearance

69
Q

Mast cell granules contain ________ with ______

A

Heparin - anti coagulant, prevents blood forming

histamine - promotes inflammation

70
Q

Macrophages

A

pseudopod “false foot”

move through tissue to areas of injury or infection

no characteristic look

71
Q

3 common fibers

A
  • Collagen
  • Elastic
  • Reticular fibers
72
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the body?

A

Collagen

73
Q

Collagen characteristic and function

A

Very strong– good at holding other tissues in place

74
Q

How do collagen fibers look?

A

Thickest long

White in living tissue

Stained in slides, usually pinkish

75
Q

Where might you might find collagen?

A

Tendon, ligaments

76
Q

Elastic is composed of ________

A

elastin– good at stretching

77
Q

How do elastic fibers look?

A

Long thin

Yellow in living tissue

Usually dark purple or black stain in slides

78
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Form weblike supportive framework in some organs

79
Q

How do reticular fibers look?

A

Short

Black stain typically

80
Q

Areolar AKA loose CT

A

Fills in space between organs and tissue, supplies nutrients to avascular ET

81
Q

What fibers are found in areolar tissue?

A

Collagen and elastic

82
Q

Location of areolar tissue

A

surrounds organs, in the hypodermis, underlies ET throughout the body

83
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

More fibers than loose CT with more dense arrangement

84
Q

3 types of dense CT

A
  • Dense irregular
  • Dense regular
  • Elastic
85
Q

Dense regular

A

Very strong, good at binding other tissue

86
Q

Dense irregular

A

provides strength and elasticity

87
Q

_________ fibers of dense regular CT run ________

A

collagen, parallel

88
Q

Dense irregular CT fibers

A

Collagen and elastic

89
Q

Location of dense irregular CT

A

dermis of skin, periosteum, perichondrium

90
Q

Dermis

A

Deepest layer of skin

91
Q

Peri

A

surrounding

92
Q

osteum

A

bone

93
Q

chondrium

A

cartilage

94
Q

Elastic CT

A

Allow tissue to stretch and return to original shape

Parallel elastic fibers

95
Q

Location of elastic CT

A

vocal cords, walls of arteries (stretch to receive blood)

96
Q

Adipose tissue function

A

protection, insulation, energy source

97
Q

Adipose tissue is composed of ___________

A

adipocyte

98
Q

Location of adipose CT

A

hypodermis, surrounding vital organs, storage areas

99
Q

Reticular CT

A

forms supportive framework in some organs

100
Q

Reticular CT contains what?

A

reticular fibers, fibroblasts, leukocytes

101
Q

Locations of reticular CT

A

spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

ANATOMY (23 decks)

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