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ANATOMY > CH 2 > Flashcards

CH 2 Flashcards

The cell

1
Q

Structural Organization of the Human Body

A

Chemical (atom and molecules) level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
Organ system level
Organismal level

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2
Q

Cell

A

Smallest living unit of life

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3
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells

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4
Q

What suffix refers to the cell?

A

-cyte

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5
Q

Cellular functions

A
  • Covering
  • Lining
  • Storage
  • Movement
  • Connection
  • Defense
  • Communication
  • Reproduction
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6
Q

Two categorizations of body fluids

A

Intracellular and extracellular

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7
Q

Is cytoplasm intracellular or extracellular?

A

Intracellular

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8
Q

Two examples of extracellular fluid

A

Blood plasma

Interstitial (tissue) fluid

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9
Q

Plasma (cell) membrane function

A

Physical and chemical barrier that acts as a gatekeeper: controls entry and exit of small molecules

Separates internal contents from the external environment

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10
Q

Molecular components of the plasma membrane

A

Lipids (fat)
Protein

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11
Q

Functions of the plasma membrane

A

Communication
Intracellular connection
Physical barrier
Selective permeability

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12
Q

Communication: contains ______ that recognize and respond to chemical signals

A

receptors

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13
Q

Intracellular connection

A

establishes a flexible boundary
protects cellular contents
supports cell contents

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14
Q

Physical barrier: __________________ separates substances inside and outside the cell

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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15
Q

Selective permeability: regulates entry and exit of what through the membrane?

A

ions, nutrients, waste molecules

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16
Q

Phospholipid bilayer is composed of phospholipid molecules. Describe the molecule.

A

Hydrophilic phosphate “head” that faces watery fluid on either side

Hydrophilic fatty acid chain “tail” that turns away from the watery fluid

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17
Q

Two types of integral protein

A

Channels: allow passage of small molecules like sodium, potassium, etc.

Receptors: serve as binding sites for molecules outside the cell

Are embedded within or through the phospholipid bilayer

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18
Q

Two types of peripheral protein

A

Cytoskeleton anchor: fibrous molecule to give shape

Enzyme AKA catalyst: change the rate of reaction

Are attached loosely to the internal or external membrane, often times are attached to integral proteins

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19
Q

Where is cholesterol made in?

A

Liver

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20
Q

Cholesterol function

A

Stability, holds molecules in place

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21
Q

Glycocalyx means what?

A

sugar coating

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22
Q

Glycocalyx function

A

Identity markers to allow cells to recognize each other

Hence only found on the outside

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23
Q

Components of the glycocalyx

A

Glycolipids (carbohydrate and fat)

Glycoproteins (carbohydrate and protein)

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24
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All materials between the plasma membrane and nucleus

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25
Q

3 components of the cytoplasm

A

Cytosol
Inclusions
Organelles

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26
Q

Two proteins that compose the plasma membrane

A

Integral and peripheral

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27
Q

Cytosol

A

Viscous fluid that contains many different dissolved substances like nutrient, wastes, gases, ions, carbohydrates, amino acids

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28
Q

Inclusions

A

Substances that are stored temporarily in the cell

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29
Q

What are some inclusions?

A

Melanin
Glycogen
Triglycerides

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30
Q

Melanin

A

Pigment that offers protection from UV rays

Formed by melanocytes

Found in cells of epidermis, iris of the eye, hair

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31
Q

Organelle

A

“little organ”

Structures with specialized functions to maintain homeostasis of the cell

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32
Q

Glycogen

A

Large stored unit made of glucose

Located in liver cells, muscle cells, and lining of uterus

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33
Q

Triglycerides

A

Stored form of fat in form of adipose (fat) cells/ adipocytes

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34
Q

How are organelles categorized?

A

Membrane-bound
Non-membrane bound

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35
Q

Membrane bound organelles

A

Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
Peroxisomes

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36
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Network of intracellular membrane-bound tunnels

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37
Q

Cisternae

A

Enclosed spaces

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38
Q

ER functions

A

Synthesis: provides a place for chemical reactions

Transport: move molecules through cisternal spaces from one part of the cell to another, isolated from the cytoplasm

Storage: stores newly synthesized molecules

Detoxification: smooth ER detoxifies blood and alcohol

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39
Q

Smooth ER is a site of ______ synthesis and __________ metabolism

A

lipid, carbohydrate

Also has specialized functions in some cells

No ribosomes

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40
Q

Rough ER is responsible for producing, storing, and transporting _________

A

proteins

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41
Q

Rough ER is for

A

secretion

plasma membrane

lysosomes

42
Q

Golgi apparatus is the “__________” of the cell

A

post office

43
Q

Golgi apparatus functions

A

Modification: modifies new proteins for lysosomes, secretion, and plasma membrane

Packaging: packs enzymes for lysosomes and proteins for secretion

44
Q

Protein flow through the golgi apparatus (GA)

A

1) RER proteins in transport vesicle
2) Vesicle from RER moves to GA
3) Vesicle fuses with GA receiving region
4) Proteins are modified as it moves through the GA
5) Modified proteins are packaged in the shipping region
6) Vesicles become either become a) lysosomes, b) secretory vesicles that go through exocytosis, c) plasma membrane

45
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membranous sacs formed by the golgi apparatus

46
Q

Autophagy

A

Process by which lysosomes contain enzymes that digest bacteria, toxins, dead cells, and damaged organelles within the host cell

47
Q

Autolysis

A

Process by which lysosomes release enzymes that digest the cell when the host cell is dying

48
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

Digestion: digests all materials that enter the cell by endocytosis

Removal: removes worn out or damaged organelles and cellular components (autophagy); recycles small molecules for resynthesis

Self destruction: digest the remains (autolysis) after cellular death

49
Q

Peroxisome function

A

Detoxifies harmful molecules taken in the cell (alcohol, pesticides, etc.)

Can also break down fat

50
Q

What can peroxisomes form that can also be broken down?

A

Hydrogen peroxide

Can be broken down into water

51
Q

Mitochondria

A

“powerhouse” of the cell: produces ATP by cellular respiration for energy needs of the cell

52
Q

Components of the mitochondria

A

Cristae and matrix

53
Q

Cristae

A

Inner membrane folds

54
Q

Matrix

A

Space inside the inner membrane

55
Q

Non-membrane bound organelles

A
  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Centrosomes and centrioles
  • Cilia and flagella
  • Microvilli
56
Q

Ribosome

A

Site of protein synthesis

57
Q

Components of ribosomes

A

Large and small subunit

58
Q

Location of free ribosomes

A

Cytosol

59
Q

Location of fixed ribosomes

A

Outer surface of RER

60
Q

Free ribosomes synthesize proteins for use where?

A

Within the cell

61
Q

Fixed ribosomes synthesize proteins for incorporation where?

A

Plasma membrane, exported from cell, housed within lysosomes

62
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Proteins organized in the cytosol as solid filaments or hollow tubes

63
Q

Cytoskeleton functions

A

Structural: provides structural support to cell, stabilizes junctions between cells

Movement: assist with cytosol streaming and cell motility; helps move organelles and materials throughout cells; helps move chromosomes during cell division

64
Q

3 main types of cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

65
Q

Centrosome/centriole

A

Two sets of nine microtubule triplets arranged at right angles and embedded in gel-like matrix

66
Q

What do centrosomes/centrioles form and organize into?

A

Microtubules

67
Q

Microtubules form the _______________

A

Mitotic spindle

68
Q

Centrosome/centriole function

A

Microtubule support: organizes microtubules and support their growth in nondividing cells

Cell division: directs formation of mitotic spindle in dividing cells

69
Q

Cilia and flagella

A

Projections extending from the cell with core of microtubules

70
Q

Cilia

A

move substances across surface

71
Q

Flagella

A

move entire cell

72
Q

Microvilli

A

Folds in the cell membrane that do not move and are smaller than cilia

73
Q

Microvilli increase __________ in ______ and ________

A

surface area, small intestine, kidney tubules

74
Q

Nucleus

A

Core, or control center, of cellular activities

75
Q

Function of the nucleus

A

Cellular regulation: houses genetic material, which directs all cellular activity and regulates cellular structure

Production: produces ribosomal subunits in the nucleolus and exports them into cytoplasm for assembly into ribosomes

76
Q

Parts of the nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope
Nucleoli
DNA (chromatin and chromosomes)

77
Q

Nucleoli

A

Dark staining bodies within the nucleus

“little brain”

78
Q

What is the nucleoli made of?

A

RNA - ribonucleic acid

79
Q

What is the nucleoli responsible for making?

A

Components of the small and large subunits of the ribosome

80
Q

DNA is responsible for what?

A

Controlling cellular activity and protein synthesis (which forms enzymes, antibodies, etc.)

81
Q

Two states of the life cycle of the cell

A

Interphase and mitosis

82
Q

Interphase

A

Phase between cell division where normal activities and prep for cell division occurs

83
Q

How many stages of interphase are there? What are they?

A

3 (G1, S, G2)

84
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division

Daughter cells are genetically identical to mother cell

85
Q

Mitotic phase events

A

Mitosis: division of the nucleus

Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm

86
Q

4 consecutive stages of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

87
Q

Prophase

A
  • Chromosomes and mitotic spindle appears
  • Nuclear envelope disappears
88
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up along the equatorial (metaphase) plate

89
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibers guide sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell

90
Q

What appears in late anaphase?

A

Cleavage furrow

91
Q

Telophase

A
  • Nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes
  • Chromosomes uncoil
  • Mitotic spindle disappears
92
Q

Chromatin

A

Scattered DNA in the nucleus

93
Q

When is chromatin seen?

A

Interphase

94
Q

Chromosome

A

Coiled condensed form of chromatin that is more organized

95
Q

Middle part of a chromosome

A

Centromere

96
Q

Identical halves of a chromosome

A

Sister chromatids

97
Q

Histone

A

Ball of protein to prevent DNA from tangling

98
Q

G1

A

Growth, normal functions

99
Q

S

A

“Synthesis”

DNA replication

100
Q

G2

A

Final prep for mitosis

ANATOMY (23 decks)

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