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ANATOMY > CH 25 > Flashcards

CH 25 Flashcards

Respiratory system

1
Q

Respiratory system functions

A

Exchange O2 with CO2 in the blood

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2
Q

4 steps of getting O2 from lungs to tissue and getting CO2 from tissues to lungs

A
  • Pulmonary ventilation
  • External respiration
  • Movement of gases through blood vessels (to and from tissues)
  • Internal respiration
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3
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Breathing; movement of air in and out of lungs

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4
Q

Cyclic steps of breathing

A
  • Expiration/ exhalation: forces gases out of the lungs
  • Inspiration/ inhalation: draws gases to lungs
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5
Q

External respiration

A

Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood. Oxygen in the atmosphere is inhaled in the lungs and diffuses from lungs into blood at the same time carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into lungs to be exhaled

Exchange of gas between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

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6
Q

Types of gas exchange

A
  • External respiration
  • Internal respiration
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7
Q

Alveoli

A

Small, saccular outpocketing in respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs

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8
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of gases between blood and cells of the body. Blood transports oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and transport carbon dioxide produced by body cells to the lungs

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9
Q

As inhaled gases pass through conducting airways, the gases are ________ prior to reaching the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs

A

conditioned (warmed, humidified, and cleansed)

  • Warmed to body temperature by being in close contact with nasal blood vessels transporting warm blood
  • Humified/ moistened and cleansed of particulate matter through contact with the respiratory epithelium and it’s sticky mucus covering
  • Facilitated by twisted pathways in nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, causing inhaled air to be turbulent
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10
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A
  • Nose and nasal cavities
  • Paranasal sinuses
  • Pharynx

These are all parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system

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11
Q

Portions of respiratory system

A
  • Conducting
  • Respiratory
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12
Q

Conducting portion

A

Includes:

Upper respiratory system
- Nose
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx

Lower respiratory system
- Trachea
- Progressively smaller airways from bronchi to terminal bronchioles

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13
Q

Respiratory portion

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles (small airways)
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveoli
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14
Q

Lower respiratory tract

A

Conducting portion:
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles

Respiratory portion

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15
Q

Nose

A

Main conducting airway for inhaled air

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16
Q

Nose components

A
  • External nares
  • Vibrissae
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17
Q

External nares

A

Nostrils (are lined with stratified squamous ET)

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18
Q

Vibrissae

A

Nose hairs

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19
Q

Vestibule

A

Anterior region of nasal cavity; space led by external nares

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20
Q

Nasal cavities

A

Located posterior to vestibule

  • Nasal septum
  • Lined with respiratory ET (except roof)
  • Olfactory epithelium
  • Nasal conchae (superior, middle, inferior)
  • Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, inferior)
  • Vestibule
  • Chonae/ internal nares
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21
Q

Nasal septum

A

Separates nasal cavities into left and right portions

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22
Q

Respiratory epithelium

A
  • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar ET
  • Contains mucus-producing goblet cells
  • Has extensive vascular network immediately deep to
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23
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar ET and olfactory receptor cells

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24
Q

Nasal conchae AKA turbinates

A

Paired bony projections along lateral walls of nasal cavity that subdivide the nasal cavities into separate air passageways

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25
Q

Nasal meatuses

A

Inferior to nasal conchae; constricted narrow grooves (space) that create turbulent airflow so air stays in the nasal cavity longer and is moistened and humidified

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26
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A
  • Air space in the bones of the skull
  • Makes bones lighter in weight and provides resonance chambers for voice
  • Lined with respiratory ET
  • Drain into nasal cavities
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27
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Frontal
  • Sphenoidal
  • Maxillary
  • Ethmoidal
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28
Q

Pharynx

A

One of the few areas of the body that is shared by 2 organ systems (digestive and respiratory)

Common pathway for inhaled and exhaled air as well as ingested food

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29
Q

Regions of pharynx

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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30
Q

Nasopharynx

A
  • Superior most region of pharynx
  • Posterior to nasal cavities
  • Lined with respiratory ET
  • Opening of auditory tubes found in lateral walls
  • Posterior wall houses the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
  • Usually only air passes through, but food can enter if someone is swallowing and laughing at the same time because soft palate can’t form a good seal
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31
Q

Auditory tubes

A

Connect the nasopharynx to the middle ear; equalizes air pressure between middle ear and the atmosphere by allowing excess air pressure to be released into the nasopharynx

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32
Q

Oropharynx

A
  • Middle pharyngeal region
  • Begins at the end of the soft palate and ends at the level of the hyoid bone
  • Lined with stratified squamous ET (can withstand abrasion of food)
  • Palatine and lingual tonsils located here - lymphatic organ providing the first line of defense
  • Common respiratory and digestive pathway
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33
Q

Laryngopharynx

A
  • Inferior, narrowed region of pharynx
  • Starts inferior to hyoid bone, continuous with larynx and esophagus
  • Common respiratory and digestive pathway
  • Lined with stratified squamous ET
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34
Q

Larynx AKA voice box

A
  • Produces sound for speech
  • Opening to trachea
  • Mostly lined with stratified squamous ET
  • Contains cartilage
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35
Q

Produces sound for speech

A

Larynx contains vocal cords

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36
Q

Vocal cords

A

Ligaments (connect bone to bone) within the larynx; horizontal folds that project into the lumen of the larynx

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37
Q

Function of cartilages in the larynx

A
  • Maintain an open airway
  • Provides attachment sites for vocal cords and muscles in larynx
  • Cover trachea when swallowing

All cartilages are made of hyaline except the epiglottis

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38
Q

Cartilages of the larynx

A
  • Thyroid
  • Cricoid
  • Arytenoid
  • Corniculate
  • Cuneiform
  • Epiglottic
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39
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A
  • Largest cartilage in larynx
  • Forms anterior and lateral walls of larynx (no posterior wall)
  • Shield shaped
  • Anterior attachment site for vocal cords
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40
Q

Laryngeal prominence AKA Adam’s apple

A

Almost V-shaped anterior projection of thyroid cartilage

41
Q

Why is the laryngeal prominence larger in males?

A
  • Laryngeal inlet (opening that connects the larynx and pharynx) is more narrow in males (90 degrees) than females (120 degrees)
  • Enlarges at puberty due to testosterone-induced growth
42
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A
  • Inferior to thyroid cartilage
  • Only completely ring shaped cartilage in larynx
  • Border between larynx and trachea
43
Q

Epiglottis/ epiglottic cartilage

A
  • Spoon-shaped
  • Elastic cartilage (more flexible)
  • Swallowing causes the cartilage to close the opening of the larynx, thus preventing materials from entering the lower respiratory tract
44
Q

Arytenoid cartilage

A
  • Triangular
  • Sits on top of cricoid posteriorly
  • Attachment site for vocal cords
45
Q

Corniculate cartilage

A
  • Sits on top of arytenoid
  • Attachment site for muscles
46
Q

Cuneiform cartilage

A
  • Embedded in mucosa of laryngeal wall
  • Attachment site for muscle
47
Q

Vestibular folds/ ligaments AKA false vocal cords

A
  • Superior to true vocal cords
  • Help close off the trachea during swallowing
  • Do not produce sound
48
Q

Vocal folds/ligaments AKA true vocal cords

A
  • Inferior to false vocal cords
  • Vibrate as air passes through to produce sound
49
Q

Rima glottidis

A

Opening between true vocal cords

50
Q

Glottis

A

Rima glottidis and true vocal cords

51
Q

Trachea AKA windpipe

A
  • Tubular organ
  • Supported by about 20 C-shaped tracheal cartilages
  • Connects to larynx superiorly and
  • Enter mediastinum
  • Bifurnicates at carina
52
Q

Tracheal cartilages

A

Hyaline cartilage rings that reinforces and provides some rigidity to the tracheal wall so the trachea remains patent (open) at all times

Connected by anular: elastic CT sheets

53
Q

3 layers of trachea

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Adventitia
54
Q

Mucosa

A
  • Respiratory ET
  • Lamina propria (areolar CT)
55
Q

Submucosa

A
  • Seromucous glands
  • Blood vessels
56
Q

Adventitia

A
  • Trachial cartilages
  • Trachealis muscle
  • Fibrous CT
57
Q

Trachealis muscle

A

Bounds open end of tracheal cartilage

58
Q

Bronchi

A
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
59
Q

Primary (main) bronchi

A

Branching of trachea into left and right smaller tubes which enters the hilum of the lung

60
Q

Secondary (lobar) bronchi

A

Branching of primary bronchi which enters the lobe of the lung

61
Q

Hilum

A

Space where vessels and nerve pass through the lungs (pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves); keeps lungs anchored in place

62
Q

Lobe

A

Division of lung

3 in right lung (superior, middle, inferior)
2 in left lung (superior, inferior)

63
Q

Tertiary (segmental) bronchi

A

Branching of secondary bronchi (8-10), creates 8-10brochopulmonary segments

64
Q

Bronchioles

A

Branching of bronchioles, supply lobules of lungs

Simple columnar or cuboidal ET

65
Q

Lungs

A

Paired, spongey, conical organs of respiration

66
Q

Base

A

Wide, concave base of lungs that sits on diaphragm

67
Q

Apex

A

Pointed, superior portion of lung that extends superiorly to clavicles

68
Q

Lobule

A

Smallest visible division of lung

69
Q

Terminal bronchioles

A

Final segment of conducting pathway, conduct air into respiratory pathway; 50-80/lobule; branching of bronchioles

70
Q

Respiratory bronchioles

A

Branching of terminal bronchioles; 100-150/lobule

Have some alveoli on surface for gas exchange

71
Q

Alveolar ducts

A

Thin airways that are subdivisions of respiratory bronchioles; lined with simple squamous ET

72
Q

Alveolar sac

A

Distal termination of alveolar duct

73
Q

Larger bronchi have (less/more) cartilage

A

more (becomes less and less until it disappears completely in bronchioles)

74
Q

Bronchioles have more _________ (tissue) in wall

A

smooth muscle

75
Q

ET changes many times in bronchial tree

A
  • Respiratory ET
  • Simple columnar
  • Simple cuboidal
  • Simple squamous
76
Q

Fissures

A

Separates lobes of lung
- Horizontal
- Oblique

77
Q

Cardiac notch

A

Medial surface indentation on left lung

78
Q

Horizontal fissure

A

Separates superior from middle lobe (right lung)

79
Q

Oblique fissure

A

Separates middle from inferior lobe (right lung)
Separates superior and inferior lobes (left lung)

80
Q

Pleura

A

Serous membrane that lines outer lung

81
Q

The pleura is formed by the _________

A

mesothelium (simple squamous ET)

  • Outer parietal
  • Inner visceral
82
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Inner layer attached to the outer surface of lung

83
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Outer layer that lines the thoracic cavity

84
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Potential space between visceral and parieta pleura

85
Q

Movement of gases in breathing are governed by _______

A

Boyle’s law (pressure inversely proportional to volume)

During inhalation, volume of thoracic cavity increases, interpulmonary pressure decreases and air flows into lungs

During exhalation, volume of thoracic cavity decreases, interpulmonary pressure increases, air moves out of lungs

86
Q

Thoracic wall dimensional changes

A

3D

  • Vertical
  • Lateral
  • Anterior/posterior
87
Q

Vertical thoracic wall change

A

Diaphragm

88
Q

Lateral thoracic wall change

A

Due to muscles attached to ribs

89
Q

Anterior/posterior thoracic wall change

A

Due to muscles attached to ribs

90
Q

Inspiration/ inhalation

A
  • Thoracic cavity increases in size
  • Air pressure in lungs decrease so air enters from outside
  • Diaphragm moves down toward thoracic cavity during contraction, lengthening
91
Q

Accessory muscles of inspiration

A

External intercostals (elevate ribs) and pectoralis minor and scalenes (elevates 1st and 2nd ribs)

92
Q

Expiration/ exhalation

A
  • Thoracic cavity decreases with size
  • Air pressure in lungs increases so air moves out of lungs
  • Diaphragm relaxes, shortening
93
Q

Accessory muscles of expiration

A

Internal intercostals (depress ribs) and abdominals

94
Q

Alveolar wall cells

A
  • Alveolar type I cells
  • Alveolar type II/ septal cells
95
Q

Alveolar type I cells

A

Simple squamous promote rapid diffusion of gases

96
Q

Alveolar type II/ septal cells

A

Produces surfactant, decreases surface tension within alveolus, prevents collapse of alveoli even without presence of air

97
Q

Alveolar macrophage/ dust cell

A

Engulfs any microorganisms or particulate matter that makes it’s way into the alveolus

98
Q
A

ANATOMY (23 decks)

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