CH 25 Flashcards
Respiratory system
1
Q
Respiratory system functions
A
Exchange O2 with CO2 in the blood
2
Q
4 steps of getting O2 from lungs to tissue and getting CO2 from tissues to lungs
A
- Pulmonary ventilation
- External respiration
- Movement of gases through blood vessels (to and from tissues)
- Internal respiration
3
Q
Pulmonary ventilation
A
Breathing; movement of air in and out of lungs
4
Q
Cyclic steps of breathing
A
- Expiration/ exhalation: forces gases out of the lungs
- Inspiration/ inhalation: draws gases to lungs
5
Q
External respiration
A
Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood. Oxygen in the atmosphere is inhaled in the lungs and diffuses from lungs into blood at the same time carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into lungs to be exhaled
Exchange of gas between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
6
Q
Types of gas exchange
A
- External respiration
- Internal respiration
7
Q
Alveoli
A
Small, saccular outpocketing in respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs
8
Q
Internal respiration
A
Exchange of gases between blood and cells of the body. Blood transports oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and transport carbon dioxide produced by body cells to the lungs
9
Q
As inhaled gases pass through conducting airways, the gases are ________ prior to reaching the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs
A
conditioned (warmed, humidified, and cleansed)
- Warmed to body temperature by being in close contact with nasal blood vessels transporting warm blood
- Humified/ moistened and cleansed of particulate matter through contact with the respiratory epithelium and it’s sticky mucus covering
- Facilitated by twisted pathways in nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, causing inhaled air to be turbulent
10
Q
Upper respiratory tract
A
- Nose and nasal cavities
- Paranasal sinuses
- Pharynx
These are all parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system
11
Q
Portions of respiratory system
A
- Conducting
- Respiratory
12
Q
Conducting portion
A
Includes:
Upper respiratory system
- Nose
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
Lower respiratory system
- Trachea
- Progressively smaller airways from bronchi to terminal bronchioles
13
Q
Respiratory portion
A
- Respiratory bronchioles (small airways)
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveoli
14
Q
Lower respiratory tract
A
Conducting portion:
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
Respiratory portion
15
Q
Nose
A
Main conducting airway for inhaled air
16
Q
Nose components
A
- External nares
- Vibrissae
17
Q
External nares
A
Nostrils (are lined with stratified squamous ET)
18
Q
Vibrissae
A
Nose hairs
19
Q
Vestibule
A
Anterior region of nasal cavity; space led by external nares
20
Q
Nasal cavities
A
Located posterior to vestibule
- Nasal septum
- Lined with respiratory ET (except roof)
- Olfactory epithelium
- Nasal conchae (superior, middle, inferior)
- Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, inferior)
- Vestibule
- Chonae/ internal nares
21
Q
Nasal septum
A
Separates nasal cavities into left and right portions
22
Q
Respiratory epithelium
A
- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar ET
- Contains mucus-producing goblet cells
- Has extensive vascular network immediately deep to
23
Q
Olfactory epithelium
A
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar ET and olfactory receptor cells
24
Q
Nasal conchae AKA turbinates
A
Paired bony projections along lateral walls of nasal cavity that subdivide the nasal cavities into separate air passageways
25
Nasal meatuses
Inferior to nasal conchae; constricted narrow grooves (space) that create turbulent airflow so air stays in the nasal cavity longer and is moistened and humidified
26
Paranasal sinuses
- Air space in the bones of the skull
- Makes bones lighter in weight and provides resonance chambers for voice
- Lined with respiratory ET
- Drain into nasal cavities
27
What are the paranasal sinuses?
- Frontal
- Sphenoidal
- Maxillary
- Ethmoidal
28
Pharynx
One of the few areas of the body that is shared by 2 organ systems (digestive and respiratory)
Common pathway for inhaled and exhaled air as well as ingested food
29
Regions of pharynx
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
30
Nasopharynx
- Superior most region of pharynx
- Posterior to nasal cavities
- Lined with respiratory ET
- Opening of auditory tubes found in lateral walls
- Posterior wall houses the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
- Usually only air passes through, but food can enter if someone is swallowing and laughing at the same time because soft palate can't form a good seal
31
Auditory tubes
Connect the nasopharynx to the middle ear; equalizes air pressure between middle ear and the atmosphere by allowing excess air pressure to be released into the nasopharynx
32
Oropharynx
- Middle pharyngeal region
- Begins at the end of the soft palate and ends at the level of the hyoid bone
- Lined with stratified squamous ET (can withstand abrasion of food)
- Palatine and lingual tonsils located here - lymphatic organ providing the first line of defense
- Common respiratory and digestive pathway
33
Laryngopharynx
- Inferior, narrowed region of pharynx
- Starts inferior to hyoid bone, continuous with larynx and esophagus
- Common respiratory and digestive pathway
- Lined with stratified squamous ET
34
Larynx AKA voice box
- Produces sound for speech
- Opening to trachea
- Mostly lined with stratified squamous ET
- Contains cartilage
35
Produces sound for speech
Larynx contains vocal cords
36
Vocal cords
Ligaments (connect bone to bone) within the larynx; horizontal folds that project into the lumen of the larynx
37
Function of cartilages in the larynx
- Maintain an open airway
- Provides attachment sites for vocal cords and muscles in larynx
- Cover trachea when swallowing
All cartilages are made of hyaline except the epiglottis
38
Cartilages of the larynx
- Thyroid
- Cricoid
- Arytenoid
- Corniculate
- Cuneiform
- Epiglottic
39
Thyroid cartilage
- Largest cartilage in larynx
- Forms anterior and lateral walls of larynx (no posterior wall)
- Shield shaped
- Anterior attachment site for vocal cords
40
Laryngeal prominence AKA Adam's apple
Almost V-shaped anterior projection of thyroid cartilage
41
Why is the laryngeal prominence larger in males?
- Laryngeal inlet (opening that connects the larynx and pharynx) is more narrow in males (90 degrees) than females (120 degrees)
- Enlarges at puberty due to testosterone-induced growth
42
Cricoid cartilage
- Inferior to thyroid cartilage
- Only completely ring shaped cartilage in larynx
- Border between larynx and trachea
43
Epiglottis/ epiglottic cartilage
- Spoon-shaped
- Elastic cartilage (more flexible)
- Swallowing causes the cartilage to close the opening of the larynx, thus preventing materials from entering the lower respiratory tract
44
Arytenoid cartilage
- Triangular
- Sits on top of cricoid posteriorly
- Attachment site for vocal cords
45
Corniculate cartilage
- Sits on top of arytenoid
- Attachment site for muscles
46
Cuneiform cartilage
- Embedded in mucosa of laryngeal wall
- Attachment site for muscle
47
Vestibular folds/ ligaments AKA false vocal cords
- Superior to true vocal cords
- Help close off the trachea during swallowing
- Do not produce sound
48
Vocal folds/ligaments AKA true vocal cords
- Inferior to false vocal cords
- Vibrate as air passes through to produce sound
49
Rima glottidis
Opening between true vocal cords
50
Glottis
Rima glottidis and true vocal cords
51
Trachea AKA windpipe
- Tubular organ
- Supported by about 20 C-shaped tracheal cartilages
- Connects to larynx superiorly and
- Enter mediastinum
- Bifurnicates at carina
52
Tracheal cartilages
Hyaline cartilage rings that reinforces and provides some rigidity to the tracheal wall so the trachea remains patent (open) at all times
Connected by anular: elastic CT sheets
53
3 layers of trachea
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Adventitia
54
Mucosa
- Respiratory ET
- Lamina propria (areolar CT)
55
Submucosa
- Seromucous glands
- Blood vessels
56
Adventitia
- Trachial cartilages
- Trachealis muscle
- Fibrous CT
57
Trachealis muscle
Bounds open end of tracheal cartilage
58
Bronchi
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
59
Primary (main) bronchi
Branching of trachea into left and right smaller tubes which enters the hilum of the lung
60
Secondary (lobar) bronchi
Branching of primary bronchi which enters the lobe of the lung
61
Hilum
Space where vessels and nerve pass through the lungs (pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves); keeps lungs anchored in place
62
Lobe
Division of lung
3 in right lung (superior, middle, inferior)
2 in left lung (superior, inferior)
63
Tertiary (segmental) bronchi
Branching of secondary bronchi (8-10), creates 8-10brochopulmonary segments
64
Bronchioles
Branching of bronchioles, supply lobules of lungs
Simple columnar or cuboidal ET
65
Lungs
Paired, spongey, conical organs of respiration
66
Base
Wide, concave base of lungs that sits on diaphragm
67
Apex
Pointed, superior portion of lung that extends superiorly to clavicles
68
Lobule
Smallest visible division of lung
69
Terminal bronchioles
Final segment of conducting pathway, conduct air into respiratory pathway; 50-80/lobule; branching of bronchioles
70
Respiratory bronchioles
Branching of terminal bronchioles; 100-150/lobule
Have some alveoli on surface for gas exchange
71
Alveolar ducts
Thin airways that are subdivisions of respiratory bronchioles; lined with simple squamous ET
72
Alveolar sac
Distal termination of alveolar duct
73
Larger bronchi have (less/more) cartilage
more (becomes less and less until it disappears completely in bronchioles)
74
Bronchioles have more _________ (tissue) in wall
smooth muscle
75
ET changes many times in bronchial tree
- Respiratory ET
- Simple columnar
- Simple cuboidal
- Simple squamous
76
Fissures
Separates lobes of lung
- Horizontal
- Oblique
77
Cardiac notch
Medial surface indentation on left lung
78
Horizontal fissure
Separates superior from middle lobe (right lung)
79
Oblique fissure
Separates middle from inferior lobe (right lung)
Separates superior and inferior lobes (left lung)
80
Pleura
Serous membrane that lines outer lung
81
The pleura is formed by the _________
mesothelium (simple squamous ET)
- Outer parietal
- Inner visceral
82
Visceral pleura
Inner layer attached to the outer surface of lung
83
Parietal pleura
Outer layer that lines the thoracic cavity
84
Pleural cavity
Potential space between visceral and parieta pleura
85
Movement of gases in breathing are governed by _______
Boyle's law (pressure inversely proportional to volume)
During inhalation, volume of thoracic cavity increases, interpulmonary pressure decreases and air flows into lungs
During exhalation, volume of thoracic cavity decreases, interpulmonary pressure increases, air moves out of lungs
86
Thoracic wall dimensional changes
3D
- Vertical
- Lateral
- Anterior/posterior
87
Vertical thoracic wall change
Diaphragm
88
Lateral thoracic wall change
Due to muscles attached to ribs
89
Anterior/posterior thoracic wall change
Due to muscles attached to ribs
90
Inspiration/ inhalation
- Thoracic cavity increases in size
- Air pressure in lungs decrease so air enters from outside
- Diaphragm moves down toward thoracic cavity during contraction, lengthening
91
Accessory muscles of inspiration
External intercostals (elevate ribs) and pectoralis minor and scalenes (elevates 1st and 2nd ribs)
92
Expiration/ exhalation
- Thoracic cavity decreases with size
- Air pressure in lungs increases so air moves out of lungs
- Diaphragm relaxes, shortening
93
Accessory muscles of expiration
Internal intercostals (depress ribs) and abdominals
94
Alveolar wall cells
- Alveolar type I cells
- Alveolar type II/ septal cells
95
Alveolar type I cells
Simple squamous promote rapid diffusion of gases
96
Alveolar type II/ septal cells
Produces surfactant, decreases surface tension within alveolus, prevents collapse of alveoli even without presence of air
97
Alveolar macrophage/ dust cell
Engulfs any microorganisms or particulate matter that makes it's way into the alveolus
98
