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CH 14 Flashcards

Nervous tissue

1
Q

Nervous system

A

Interpreted and controls sensations and muscle movements

Composed of all tissue types but primarily nervous tissue

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2
Q

Subdivisions of the nervous system

A
  • Central nervous system (CNS)
  • Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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3
Q

Central nervous system

A

Includes brain and spinal cord

Centrally located, hence name

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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Composed of cranial and spinal nerves

Also includes ganglia

Branches off from CNS to mostly the head and neck

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5
Q

Ganglia

A

Clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS

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6
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves do we have?

A pair is composed of a left and right

A

12

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7
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves do we have?

A

31

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8
Q

Functional organization of the nervous system

A

Sensory and motor

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9
Q

Sensory nervous system

A

Responsible for receiving sensory information from receptors and transmits information to the CNS

Responsible for input

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10
Q

Sensory nervous system components

A
  • Somatic
  • Visceral
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11
Q

Somatic sensory

A

Sensory information from skin, muscles, joints

Deals with somatic and special senses

Usually voluntary

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12
Q

Somatic senses

A
  • Touch
  • Vibration
  • Pressure
  • Temperature
  • Pain
  • Proprioception
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13
Q

Proprioception

A

Sensing position and movement of joints and limbs; body awareness

e.g. knowing where your foot is without looking

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14
Q

Viscera

A

Organs

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15
Q

Visceral sensory

A

Transmits nerve impulses from blood vessels and viscera (internal organs) to the CNS

Detect composition of blood and stretch of an organ wall

Involuntary

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16
Q

Motor nervous system

A

Responsible for transmitting motor impulses from the CNS to effectors

Responsible for output

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17
Q

Effectors

A

Muscle and glands

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18
Q

Motor nervous system components

A
  • Somatic
  • Autonomic
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19
Q

Somatic motor AKA somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

Conducts nerve impulses/ action potential to skeletal muscle, causing contraction

Voluntary

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20
Q

Autonomic motor AKA autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Transmits action potential/ nerve impulse to smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

Involuntary

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21
Q

Types of neurons in nervous tissue

A
  • Neuron
  • Glial cell
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22
Q

Neuron/ nerve cell

A
  • Send action potential
  • Are typically nonmitotic (do not divide) after maturity
  • 3 types structurally, 3 types functionally
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23
Q

Functional classification of neurons

A
  • Sensory (afferent)
  • Motor (efferent)
  • Interneuron
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24
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons

A

Transmits impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS

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25
Motor (efferent) neurons
Transmit impulses from CNS to muscles and glands
26
Interneuron/ Association neuron
Facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons Lie entirely in CNS
27
Structural classification of neurons
- Multipolar - Bipolar - Unipolar
28
Multipolar neurons
Many dendrites, one axon Motor neurons, interneurons
29
Polar
Process
30
Most abundant neuron type
Multipolar
31
Bipolar neuron
One dendrite and one axon Special senses (vision, hearing, smell, taste)
32
Unipolar
One short process which branches likes a T Sensory neurons except for special senses (touch, pressure, itch, tickle)
33
Where does the action potential of a neuron begin?
Axon hillock Electrically most sensitive part of the neuron
34
Nissl bodies AKA chromatophilic "color loving" bodies
Ribosomes Stain darkly with basic dyes
35
Dendrite
Short, smaller processes that branch off the cell body Receive sensory information and transfer it to the cell body for processing
36
Neurofilaments/ neurofibrils
Intermediate filaments that aggregate into neurofibrils that extend into dendrites and the axon Structural support/ shape
37
Synapse
Specialized junction between an axon and another neuron, muscle, or gland
38
Types of synapses
- Presynaptic - Postsynaptic - Synaptic cleft
39
Presynaptic
Transmit nerve impulses through their axon towards a synapse
40
Postsynaptic
Transmit nerve impulses through their cell body and dendrite away from the synapse
41
Synaptic cleft
Narrow space that separates the plasma membranes of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
42
Synaptic knob/ Axon terminal/ Telodendria
Expanded region at the end of an axon that contains synaptic vesicles
43
Axon/ nerve fiber
Long neuron process that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body
44
Synaptic vesicles contain ___________
neurotransmitters
45
Two neurotransmitters that can excite or inhibit an effector
- Acetylcholine (ACh) - Norepinephrine (NE)
46
Types of neurons based on location
- Axodendritic - Axosomatic - Axoaxonic
47
Most common type of synapse by location
Axodendritic
48
Axodendritic
Occurs between synaptic knobs of a presynaptic neuron and the dendrites of a postsynaptic neuron
49
Axosomatic
Occurs between the synaptic knobs and cell body of the postsynaptic neuron
50
Axoaxonic
Least common synapse Occurs between the synaptic knob of a presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron
51
Glial cells AKA neuroglia
- Found in both CNS and PNS - Smaller than neurons - Capable of mitosis - More numerous than neurons - Brain tumor are more likely to derive from in comparison to neurons - Do not transmit nerve impulses - Assist neurons in function (nourish, protect, provide an organized, supported framework, role in memory and learning through their interaction with synapses between neurons)
52
Glial cells of the CNS
- Astrocytes - Ependymal cells - Microglial cells - Oligodendrocyte
53
Most common type of glial cell
Astrocyte
54
Astrocyte astro- star shaped
- Structurally support neuron - Forms the blood-brain barrier (BBB) - Form scar tissue in CNS if neurons get damaged - Maintain normal electrolyte levels in interstitial fluid
55
Ependymal cells
- Ciliated low columnar/ simple cuboidal epithelium - Lines ventricles of brain and central canal of the spinal cord - Forms cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in choroid plexus
56
Microglia
Phagocytic; ingest and destroy pathogens in CNS
57
Oligodendrocytes
Forms myelin in CNS
58
Myelin
- Electrically insulates axon like a cable does to wires - Affects how action potential travels along axon
59
Glial cells of the PNS
- Satellite cells - Neurolemmocytes
60
Satellite cells
- Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia (protection, nourishment) - Flattened cells
61
Neurolemmocytes AKA Schwann cells
Forms myelin in PNS
62
Myelin sheath development
1) Neurolemmocyte starts to wrap around a portion of the axon 2) Neurolemmocyte cytoplasm and plasma membranes begin to form consecutive layers around axon 3) The overlapping inner layers of the neurolemmocyte plasma membrane form the myelin sheath 4) Eventually, the neurolemmocyte cytoplasm and nucleus are pushed to the periphery of the cell as the myelin sheath is formed
63
Types of conduction
- Continuous - Saltatory
64
Continuous conduction
- Action potential travels the entire length of axon - Occurs in unmyelinated axon - Travels about 1 m/s (slow)
65
Saltatory conduction
- Action potetial is only propagated at nodes of Ranvier - Occurs in myelinated axon - Travels about 100 m/s (fast)
66
Nodes of Ranvier/ Neurofibril node
Small spaces that interrupt the myelin sheath between adjacent oligodendrocytes or neurolemmocytes Only region where a change in voltage across the plasma membrane can occur, resulting in the movement of a nerve impulse
67
Neurilemma
Thin, outer layer membrane of the neurolemmocyte; Schwann cell membrane
68
Nerve
- Only in PNS - Bundle of axons traveling together in PNS - Sensory, motor, or mixed neurons
69
CT wrappings of a nerve
- Epineurium - Perineurium - Endoneurium
70
Epineurium
Surrounds entire nerve Dense irregular CT
71
Perineurium
Surrounds fascicle Dense irregular CT
72
Endoneurium
Surrounds axon Areolar CT

ANATOMY (23 decks)

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