Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANATOMY > CH 14 > Flashcards

CH 14 Flashcards

Nervous tissue

1
Q

Nervous system

A

Interpreted and controls sensations and muscle movements

Composed of all tissue types but primarily nervous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Subdivisions of the nervous system

A
  • Central nervous system (CNS)
  • Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Central nervous system

A

Includes brain and spinal cord

Centrally located, hence name

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Composed of cranial and spinal nerves

Also includes ganglia

Branches off from CNS to mostly the head and neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ganglia

A

Clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves do we have?

A pair is composed of a left and right

A

12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves do we have?

A

31

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Functional organization of the nervous system

A

Sensory and motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sensory nervous system

A

Responsible for receiving sensory information from receptors and transmits information to the CNS

Responsible for input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sensory nervous system components

A
  • Somatic
  • Visceral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Somatic sensory

A

Sensory information from skin, muscles, joints

Deals with somatic and special senses

Usually voluntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Somatic senses

A
  • Touch
  • Vibration
  • Pressure
  • Temperature
  • Pain
  • Proprioception
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Proprioception

A

Sensing position and movement of joints and limbs; body awareness

e.g. knowing where your foot is without looking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Viscera

A

Organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Visceral sensory

A

Transmits nerve impulses from blood vessels and viscera (internal organs) to the CNS

Detect composition of blood and stretch of an organ wall

Involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Motor nervous system

A

Responsible for transmitting motor impulses from the CNS to effectors

Responsible for output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Effectors

A

Muscle and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Motor nervous system components

A
  • Somatic
  • Autonomic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Somatic motor AKA somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

Conducts nerve impulses/ action potential to skeletal muscle, causing contraction

Voluntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Autonomic motor AKA autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Transmits action potential/ nerve impulse to smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

Involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Types of neurons in nervous tissue

A
  • Neuron
  • Glial cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Neuron/ nerve cell

A
  • Send action potential
  • Are typically nonmitotic (do not divide) after maturity
  • 3 types structurally, 3 types functionally
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Functional classification of neurons

A
  • Sensory (afferent)
  • Motor (efferent)
  • Interneuron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons

A

Transmits impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Motor (efferent) neurons

A

Transmit impulses from CNS to muscles and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Interneuron/ Association neuron

A

Facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons

Lie entirely in CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Structural classification of neurons

A
  • Multipolar
  • Bipolar
  • Unipolar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

Many dendrites, one axon

Motor neurons, interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Polar

A

Process

30
Q

Most abundant neuron type

A

Multipolar

31
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

One dendrite and one axon

Special senses (vision, hearing, smell, taste)

32
Q

Unipolar

A

One short process which branches likes a T

Sensory neurons except for special senses (touch, pressure, itch, tickle)

33
Q

Where does the action potential of a neuron begin?

A

Axon hillock

Electrically most sensitive part of the neuron

34
Q

Nissl bodies AKA chromatophilic “color loving” bodies

A

Ribosomes

Stain darkly with basic dyes

35
Q

Dendrite

A

Short, smaller processes that branch off the cell body

Receive sensory information and transfer it to the cell body for processing

36
Q

Neurofilaments/ neurofibrils

A

Intermediate filaments that aggregate into neurofibrils that extend into dendrites and the axon

Structural support/ shape

37
Q

Synapse

A

Specialized junction between an axon and another neuron, muscle, or gland

38
Q

Types of synapses

A
  • Presynaptic
  • Postsynaptic
  • Synaptic cleft
39
Q

Presynaptic

A

Transmit nerve impulses through their axon towards a synapse

40
Q

Postsynaptic

A

Transmit nerve impulses through their cell body and dendrite away from the synapse

41
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Narrow space that separates the plasma membranes of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

42
Q

Synaptic knob/ Axon terminal/ Telodendria

A

Expanded region at the end of an axon that contains synaptic vesicles

43
Q

Axon/ nerve fiber

A

Long neuron process that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body

44
Q

Synaptic vesicles contain ___________

A

neurotransmitters

45
Q

Two neurotransmitters that can excite or inhibit an effector

A
  • Acetylcholine (ACh)
  • Norepinephrine (NE)
46
Q

Types of neurons based on location

A
  • Axodendritic
  • Axosomatic
  • Axoaxonic
47
Q

Most common type of synapse by location

A

Axodendritic

48
Q

Axodendritic

A

Occurs between synaptic knobs of a presynaptic neuron and the dendrites of a postsynaptic neuron

49
Q

Axosomatic

A

Occurs between the synaptic knobs and cell body of the postsynaptic neuron

50
Q

Axoaxonic

A

Least common synapse

Occurs between the synaptic knob of a presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron

51
Q

Glial cells AKA neuroglia

A
  • Found in both CNS and PNS
  • Smaller than neurons
  • Capable of mitosis
  • More numerous than neurons
  • Brain tumor are more likely to derive from in comparison to neurons
  • Do not transmit nerve impulses
  • Assist neurons in function (nourish, protect, provide an organized, supported framework, role in memory and learning through their interaction with synapses between neurons)
52
Q

Glial cells of the CNS

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Ependymal cells
  • Microglial cells
  • Oligodendrocyte
53
Q

Most common type of glial cell

A

Astrocyte

54
Q

Astrocyte

astro- star shaped

A
  • Structurally support neuron
  • Forms the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
  • Form scar tissue in CNS if neurons get damaged
  • Maintain normal electrolyte levels in interstitial fluid
55
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • Ciliated low columnar/ simple cuboidal epithelium
  • Lines ventricles of brain and central canal of the spinal cord
  • Forms cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in choroid plexus
56
Q

Microglia

A

Phagocytic; ingest and destroy pathogens in CNS

57
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Forms myelin in CNS

58
Q

Myelin

A
  • Electrically insulates axon like a cable does to wires
  • Affects how action potential travels along axon
59
Q

Glial cells of the PNS

A
  • Satellite cells
  • Neurolemmocytes
60
Q

Satellite cells

A
  • Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia (protection, nourishment)
  • Flattened cells
61
Q

Neurolemmocytes AKA Schwann cells

A

Forms myelin in PNS

62
Q

Myelin sheath development

A

1) Neurolemmocyte starts to wrap around a portion of the axon
2) Neurolemmocyte cytoplasm and plasma membranes begin to form consecutive layers around axon
3) The overlapping inner layers of the neurolemmocyte plasma membrane form the myelin sheath
4) Eventually, the neurolemmocyte cytoplasm and nucleus are pushed to the periphery of the cell as the myelin sheath is formed

63
Q

Types of conduction

A
  • Continuous
  • Saltatory
64
Q

Continuous conduction

A
  • Action potential travels the entire length of axon
  • Occurs in unmyelinated axon
  • Travels about 1 m/s (slow)
65
Q

Saltatory conduction

A
  • Action potetial is only propagated at nodes of Ranvier
  • Occurs in myelinated axon
  • Travels about 100 m/s (fast)
66
Q

Nodes of Ranvier/ Neurofibril node

A

Small spaces that interrupt the myelin sheath between adjacent oligodendrocytes or neurolemmocytes

Only region where a change in voltage across the plasma membrane can occur, resulting in the movement of a nerve impulse

67
Q

Neurilemma

A

Thin, outer layer membrane of the neurolemmocyte; Schwann cell membrane

68
Q

Nerve

A
  • Only in PNS
  • Bundle of axons traveling together in PNS
  • Sensory, motor, or mixed neurons
69
Q

CT wrappings of a nerve

A
  • Epineurium
  • Perineurium
  • Endoneurium
70
Q

Epineurium

A

Surrounds entire nerve

Dense irregular CT

71
Q

Perineurium

A

Surrounds fascicle

Dense irregular CT

72
Q

Endoneurium

A

Surrounds axon

Areolar CT

ANATOMY (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions