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BIOL 172 > Ch 56 Biodiversity and Global Change > Flashcards

Ch 56 Biodiversity and Global Change Flashcards

1
Q

Conservation biology

A

Seeks to preserve life

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2
Q

Several fields that are integrated into several fields

A

1) Ecology
2) Physiology
3) Molecular biology
4) Genetics
5) Evolutionary biology

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3
Q

Three main components of biodiversity

A

1) Genetic diversity
2) Species diversity
3) Ecosystem diversity

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4
Q

1)___ ___ are concerned about 2)___ ___ because of alarming statistics regarding 3)___ and 4)___

A

1) Conservation biologists
2) Species lost
3) Extinction
4) Biodiversity

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5
Q

Global extinction rates of birds

A

12%

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6
Q

Global extinction rates of mammals

A

21%

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7
Q

Global extinction rates of amphibians

A

32%

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8
Q

Extinction may be 1)___ or 2)___

A

1) Local

2) Global

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9
Q

Species related to 1)___ ___ can have important 2)___ qualities

A

1) Agricultural crops

2) Genetic

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10
Q

Ecosystem services

A

Encompass all the processes through which natural ecosystems and their species help sustain human life

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11
Q

Examples of ecosystem services

A

1) Purification of air and water
2) Detoxification and decomposition of wastes
3) Cycling of nutrients
4) Moderation of weather extremes

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12
Q

Four major threats related to most species’ extinctions

A

1) Habitat destruction
2) Introduced species
3) Over-harvesting
4) Global change

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13
Q

What is the greatest threat to biodiversity throughout the biosphere?

A

Human alteration of habitat

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14
Q

In almost all cases, what leads to loss of biodiversity?

A

1) Habitat fragmentation

2) Habitat destruction

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15
Q

Without their native 1)___, 2)___, and 3)___, introduced species may spread rapidly

A

1) Predators
2) Parasites
3) Pathogens

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16
Q

What happens when introduced species gain a foothold in a new habitat?

A

They usually disrupt their adopted community

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17
Q

Over-harvesting

A

Human harvesting of wild plants and animals at rates exceeding the ability of populations of those species to rebound

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18
Q

What kind of organisms are especially vulnerable to over-harvesting?

A

Large organisms with low reproduction rates

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19
Q

Over-fishing

A

Occurs when fishing activities exceed the capacity of fish populations to maintain themselves

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20
Q

Over ___ of all fisheries are now fully exploited

A

Half

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21
Q

Fish and other marine organisms account for ___-___ of total global income of animal protein

A

13% to 17%

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22
Q

What occurred in the 1990’s in regard to global fishing harvests?

A

Global fish harvests reached a plateau

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23
Q

What was the maximum global fish harvest?

A

~86 million tons

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24
Q

During the 1990’s what fishery collapsed?

A

The cod fishery off of Newfoundland

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25
Q

Bycatch

A

Species of fish that are harvested, but are not of the targeted fishery

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26
Q

Bycatch includes:

A

1) Fish
2) Crustaceans
3) Birds
4) Sea turtles
5) Dolphins
6) Whales

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27
Q

___ of some fisheries is bycatch

A

80%

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28
Q

What is a common means of harvesting large predators?

A

Longlines

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29
Q

1)___ ___ such as sharks are directly targeted or depleted through 2)___ ___

A

1) Top predators

2) Bycatch mortality

30
Q

Due to bycatch, what percentage of large, predatory fish stocks are gone?

A

90%

31
Q

Many deep sea fish are at risk due to slow 1)___ and low 2)___ ___

A

1) Growth

2) Reproductive rates

32
Q

Some deep sea fish that are at risk:

A

1) Orange roughy
2) Sablefish
3) Cods

33
Q

How long does it take many deep sea fish to reach breeding maturity?

A

30 to 40 years

34
Q

Individual Transferable quotas (ITQs)

A

Consists of limited access permits to harvest quantities of fish

35
Q

Two methods of aquaculture (fish farming):

A

1) Closed inland enclosures in which foods and wastes do not immediately enter natural ecosystems
2) Open pens in which foods and wastes can enter natural ecosystems

36
Q

On a 1)___ ___, aquaculture can be 2)___ damaging than fisheries based on catch from wild populations

A

1) Local scale

2) More

37
Q

Human-caused environmental changes include:

A

1) Nutrient enrichment
2) Toxin accumulations
3) Climate change
4) Ozone depletion

38
Q

What do ocean currents transport?

A

1) Nutrients
2) Wastes
3) Heat

39
Q

The 1)___ ___ keeps 2)___ much 3)___ than other regions at the same latitude

A

1) Gulf Stream
2) Europe
3) Warmer

40
Q

In the 1)___ ___, warm surface waters are normally pushed 2)___ by 3)___ ___ ___

A

1) Pacific Ocean
2) West
3) Equatorial trade winds

41
Q

What does the movement of warm surface waters of the Pacific Ocean to the west cause?

A

1) Heavy precipitation in southeast Asia

2) Upwelling of nutrient waters along the Americas

42
Q

El Nino

A

Occurs when the rising air currents weaken, and westward wind and ocean currents fail

43
Q

How often does an El Nino occur?

A

Every 3 to 5 years

44
Q

Two common characteristics of El Nino years:

A

1) Intense storms in the Americas

2) Droughts in the west Pacific

45
Q

What occurs in Hawaii during an El Nino year?

A

Drought during Hawaii’s rainy season is more common

46
Q

When is Hawaii’s rainy season?

A

October to March

47
Q

What appears to be worsening El Nino?

A

Global warming

48
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

CO2, water vapor, and other greenhouse gases reflect infrared radiation back toward Earth

49
Q

What is important for keeping Earth’s surface at a habitable temperature?

A

The greenhouse effect

50
Q

Increasing concentrations of atmospheric 1)___ is linked to increasing 2)___ ___

A

1) CO2

2) Global temperature

51
Q

When was the greenhouse effect first recognized?

A

1827

52
Q

From what can climatologists make inferences about the past?

A

1) Pollen and fossil plant records
2) CO2 levels (inferred from bubbles trapped in glacial ice)
3) Analysis of past temperatures (inferred from chemical isotope analysis)

53
Q

With what does CO2 fluctuate?

A

Seasonal changes in photosynthesis and respiration

54
Q

How much does CO2 usually change?

A

5 to 7 ppm

55
Q

B 2009, atmospheric 1)___ levels had reached 2)___

A

1) CO2

2) 338 ppm

56
Q

Atmospheric CO2 levels n 2009 were higher than what? By how much?

A

1) 39% higher than before the Industrial Revolution

2) Higher than the past 800,000 years

57
Q

Burning fossil fuels release 1)___ ___ ___ of 2)___ to the air

A

1) 8 billion tons

2) C/year

58
Q

Oceans and forests act as 1)___ ___ and absorb 2)___

A

1) Carbon sinks

2) 4.7 GtC/year

59
Q

Where are the lowest emissions in the world?

A

In Chad

Per capita production is one-thousandth that of the US

60
Q

Global warming projections vary between 1)___-___ within the 2)___

A

1) 2C to 4C

2) Century

61
Q

What could stop circulation of deep seas?

A

Dilution of salt water by melting polar caps

62
Q

Heinrich events

A

Slowing or ceasing of the circulation of the deep seas

63
Q

If a Heinrich event occurs, what might the results be?

A

1) The ocean’s thermal conveyor system will shift south

2) Climate will cool in a few decades

64
Q

What can slow global warming?

A

1) International reduction in energy need
2) Conversion to renewable energy sources
3) Reduced deforestation

65
Q

What protects life on Earth from the damaging effects of UV radiation?

A

A protective layers of ozone molecules (O3)

66
Q

Since when may the ozone layer have been gradually thinning?

A

The mid-1970s

67
Q

What is the main cause of the destruction of atmospheric ozone?

A

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) produced by human activity

68
Q

What reaction decreases the amount of ozone in the atmosphere?

A

Chlorine (contained in CFCs) and ozone’s reaction, which produces O2

69
Q

What is linked to increased UV radiation (due to ozone depletion)?

A

1) DNA damage

2) Poorer phytoplankton growth

70
Q

Ozone levels have decreased 1)___-___ at 2)___ during the past 20 years

A

1) 2% to 10%

3) Mid-latitudes

71
Q

Where is the ozone layer thinnest?

A

Over Antarctica

72
Q

What has decreased ozone deplection?

A

An international agreement signed in 1987 to halt CFC emissions

BIOL 172 (29 decks)

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