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BIOL 172 > Ch 32 Introduction to Animal Evolution > Flashcards

Ch 32 Introduction to Animal Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of animals

A

1) Multicellular eukaryotes
2) Heterotrophs
3) Cells lack cell walls
4) Bodies held together by structural proteins (collagen)

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2
Q

Collagen comprises much of what?

A

The fibers in connective tissues

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3
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the bodies of animals?

A

Collagen

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4
Q

How do most animals reproduce?

A

Sexually

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5
Q

Cleavage

A

Rapid cell division of the zygote

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6
Q

What tissues are unique, defining characteristics of animals?

A

1) Muscle tissue

2) Nervous tissue

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7
Q

Tissue

A

Groups of cells that have a common structure, function, or both

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8
Q

How do animal body plans vary?

A

According to the organization of the animal’s tissues

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9
Q

During development, what gives rise to the tissues and organs of the animal embryo?

A

Germ layers

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10
Q

Blastula

A

Formed by cell cleavage

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11
Q

Ectoderm

A

The germ layer covering the embryo’s surface

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12
Q

Endoderm

A

The innermost germ layer

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13
Q

The endoderm lines what?

A

The archenteron

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14
Q

Archenteron

A

Developing digestive tube

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15
Q

Diploblastic animals

A

Possess an ectoderm and endoderm

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16
Q

Three diploblastic animals

A

1) Corals
2) Jellyfish
3) Comb jellies

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17
Q

Triploblastic animals

A

Posses an ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

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18
Q

Bilaterian

A

Possess bilateral symmetry

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19
Q

Cephalization

A

Organization of senses and locomotion toward a head region

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20
Q

All multicellular animals posses what kind of symmetry?

A

Bilateral symmetry

21
Q

Larva

A

Sexually immature and anatomically distinct from the adult

22
Q

Juvenile

A

Resembles an adult, but is not sexually mature

23
Q

Animal diversity arose from what?

A

A hypothesized ancestor

24
Q

How long ago did the hypothesized ancestor of animals live?

A

Between 675 and 800 mya

25
Q

The hypothesized ancestor of animals resemble what?

A

Modern choanoflagellates

26
Q

Choanoflagellates

A

Protists that are the closest living relatives of animals

27
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

Marks the earliest fossil appearance of many major groups (phyla) of living animals

28
Q

How long ago was the Cambrian explosion?

A

535 to 525 mya

29
Q

Three main hypotheses regarding the cause of the Cambrian explosion:

A

1) New predator-prey relationships
2) A rise in atmospheric oxygen
3) The evolution of the Hox gene complex

30
Q

What organisms posses Hox genes?

A

Most animals, and only animals

31
Q

Hog genes

A

Regulate many other genes and control the development of body form

32
Q

Despite being highly conserved, the Hox family of genes produces what?

A

A wide variety of animal morphologies

33
Q

Most species are what?

A

Arthropods

34
Q

How many species of arthropods are there?

A

Over one million

35
Q

How many of all known animals of arthropods?

A

About 3/4

36
Q

Protosome cell proliferation

A

Cell proliferation following fertilization is by spiral cleavage

37
Q

Deuterostome cell proliferation

A

Cell proliferation following fertilization is by radial cleavage

38
Q

Protostome coelom development

A

Coelom forms within the middle tissue germ layer

39
Q

Deuterostome coelom development

A

Coelom forms from outpocketing of the middle tissue germ layer

40
Q

Protostome initial opening

A

Initial opening into the gut becomes the mouth

41
Q

Deuterostom initial opening

A

Initial opening into the gut becomes the anus

42
Q

What distinguishes protostomes and deuterostomes?

A

Embryonic development

43
Q

Coelom

A

The body cavity surrounding the gut

44
Q

What was previously the basis for major classification within the protostomes?

A

Coelom

45
Q

Protostome groups previously based on coelom have been shown to be what?

A

Polyphyletic

46
Q

Phylum Placozoa

A

Possibly the simplest animals with the smallest genome

47
Q

How many genes are possessed within the genome of placozoans?

A

11,500 genes

48
Q

How many cell types are possessed by placozoans?

A

Only four cell types

49
Q

Phylum Placozoa lack what?

A

1) Symmetry
2) Organs
3) Muscles
4) Nervous system

BIOL 172 (29 decks)

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