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BIOL 172 > Ch 35 Plant Structure and Development > Flashcards

Ch 35 Plant Structure and Development Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of plants are angiosperms?

A

90%

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2
Q

Two main groups of angiosperms

A

1) Monocots

2) Dicots

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3
Q

Monocots

A

Palms, grasses, orchids, lilies

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4
Q

Eudictos

A

Most everything except water lilies and magnolias

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5
Q

Monocot embryo

A

One cotyledon

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6
Q

Eudicot embryo

A

Two cotyledons

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7
Q

Monocot leaf venation

A

Veins usually parallel

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8
Q

Eudicot leaf venation

A

Veins usually netlike

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9
Q

Monocot stems

A

Vascular tissue scattered

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10
Q

Eudicot stems

A

Vascular tissue usually arranged in ring

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11
Q

Shoot system

A

Responsible for light and CO2 acquisition and photosynthesis

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12
Q

Root system

A

Responsible for water and mineral acquisition

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13
Q

Functions of the root

A

1) Anchoring the plant
2) Absorbing minerals and water
3) Storing carbohydrates

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14
Q

Most eudicots and gymnosperms have what kind of root system?

A

A taproot system

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15
Q

A taproot system consists of:

A

1) Taproot

2) Lateral roots

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16
Q

Taproot

A

Main vertical root

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17
Q

Lateral roots

A

Arise from the taproot or adventitious root

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18
Q

Most monocots have what kind of root system?

A

A fibrous root system

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19
Q

A fibrous root system consists of:

A

1) Adventitious roots

2) Lateral roots

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20
Q

Adventitious roots

A

Arise from stems or leaves

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21
Q

Where does absorption occur in roots?

A

At roots hairs

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22
Q

Root hairs

A

Thin, tubular extension of root cells

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23
Q

A stem consists of:

A

1) Alternating system of nodes

2) Internodes

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24
Q

Nodes

A

The points at which leaves are attached

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25
Q

Internodes

A

The stem segments between nodes

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26
Q

Axillary bud

A

A structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot

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27
Q

Lateral shoot

A

A branch

28
Q

Apical bud

A

Causes elongation of a young shoot

29
Q

An apical bud is located where?

A

Near the shoot tip

30
Q

Apical dominance

A

Helps to maintain dormancy in most axillary buds

31
Q

The major axes of stem growth are in line with what?

A

The apical buds

32
Q

Leaf

A

Main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants

33
Q

Leaf parts

A

1) Flattened blade

2) Petiole

34
Q

Petiole

A

A stalk that joins the leaf to a node of the stem

35
Q

What do axillary buds indicate?

A

Where a single leaf begins

36
Q

Each plant organ has what three things?

A

Dermal, vascular, and ground tissues

37
Q

Dermal

A

Outer protective covering

38
Q

In nonwoody plants, what form does the dermal layer take?

A

It is present as a single layer of epidermal cells

39
Q

Vascular

A

Transports materials between plant organs, namely the roots and shoots

40
Q

Ground

A

Involved in support, storage, and metabolism

41
Q

In nonwoody plants the dermal tissue system consists of:

A

1) Epidermis

2) Cuticle

42
Q

Periderm

A

Replaces the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots in woody plants

43
Q

Trichomes

A

Outgrowths of the shoot epidermis

44
Q

What can trichomes help with?

A

Infect defense

45
Q

Two vascular tissues:

A

1) Xylem

2) Phloem

46
Q

Xylem

A

Conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots

47
Q

Phloem

A

Transports organic nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed

48
Q

Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular are what?

A

Ground tissue

49
Q

Ground tissues include what?

A

Cells specialized for strorage, photosynthesis, and support

50
Q

What kind of cells are usually the primary site of photosynthesis?

A

Ground tissue cells of the leaves (mesophyll)

51
Q

Plant growth occurs indeterminately at ___

A

Meristems

52
Q

Meristems

A

Regions of embryonic growth

53
Q

Primary growth

A

Lengthening of stems

54
Q

Where does primary growth occur?

A

At apical meristems

55
Q

Root cap

A

Protects the apical meristems at the end of a root

56
Q

How is a root cap pushed through the soil?

A

By cell division, elongation, and differentiation

57
Q

Where does secondary growth occur?

A

Lateral meristems

58
Q

Secondary growth

A

Increasing thickness/width of woody plants

59
Q

Two lateral meristems

A

1) Vascular cambium

2) Cork cambium

60
Q

Vascular cambium

A

Adds layers secondary xylem and secondary phloem

61
Q

Cork cambium

A

Replaces the epidermis with periderm

62
Q

Periderm

A

Thicker and tougher than the epidermis

63
Q

In cross section, what does the vascular cambium appear as?

A

A ring of stem cells

64
Q

Stem cells in plants increase what?

A

The vascular cambium’s circumference

65
Q

Stem cells in plants add what?

A

Secondary xylem to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside

BIOL 172 (29 decks)

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