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BIOL 172 > Ch 42 Respiration and Circulation > Flashcards

Ch 42 Respiration and Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Blood

A

The fluid medium for transport on the scale of the whole multicellular animal

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2
Q

Blood functions in the transport of

A

1) Cell and products of the immune system
2) Gases
3) Heat
4) Hormones
5) Nutrients
6) Wastes
7) Water

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3
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Red blood cell

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4
Q

Leukocyte

A

White blood cell

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5
Q

Erythrocytes of birds and mammals originate where?

A

In the bone marrow

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6
Q

What is true of the erythrocytes of birds and mammals that is not true of all other eurythrocytes?

A

They lose their nuclei and most organelles

All other vertebrate eurythrocytes retain their nuclei

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7
Q

Unique characteristic of mammal eurythrocytes

A

Biconcave shape

Increases surface area

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8
Q

Platelets

A

Cytoplasmic fragments that are produced by large cells residing in bone marrow

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9
Q

What role do platelets play in clotting?

A

They adhere to break in blood vessels and initiate a cascade of reaction leading to blood clotting

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10
Q

Open circulatory system

A

1) Blood is merely hemolymph
2) Low pressure
3) Often not involved in O2 transport

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11
Q

Hemolymph

A

Extracellular fluid

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12
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

1) Blood is only 5-10% of body volume
2) High pressure
3) Extensive branching into tiny capillaries

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13
Q

Homocoel

A

Body cavity where the hear and all organs of insects and other arthropods lie

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14
Q

How does hemolymph enter the heart of insects and other arthropods?

A

Through valved openings and is pumped towards the head

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15
Q

Annelids have what kind of circulatory system?

A

The simplest full, closed circulatory system

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16
Q

Circulatory system of fish

A

Single circuit

Two-chamber heart pumps blood first through a gill capillary system and then through a systemic capillary system

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17
Q

Circulatory system of tetrapods

A

Two-circuit

Separate pulmonary and systemic circuits for higher blood pressure and more efficient O2 delivery

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18
Q

How many chambers does the heart of amphibians and nonavian reptiles have?

A

Three

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19
Q

Circulatory system of birds and mammals

A

Two-circuit

Separate atria to collect blood and separate ventricles to pump blood to the pulmonary and systemic circuits

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20
Q

How many chambers does the heart of birds and mammals have?

A

Four

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21
Q

What keeps blood flowing in one direction?

A

Heart valves

22
Q

Artery tissue vs Vein tissue

A

Arteries have thicker layer of elastic connective tissue and smooth muscles than do veins

23
Q

Artery diameter vs Vein diameter

A

Veins have a greater internal diameter than arteries

24
Q

Capillary walls

A

Comprised of a single layer of epithelial cells

25
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

A thickening and loss of elasticity in the arteries

26
Q

What causes a heart attack?

A

Clots

27
Q

What causes clots?

A

Arteriosclerosis and accumulation of fatty cholesterol plaques

28
Q

Capillary density in muscle

A

Can be denser than one million per square inch in muscle

29
Q

What regulates blood flow to capillaries?

A

Sphincters at their point of departure from the arterioles

30
Q

What is the link between the arterial and venous system?

A

Capillary beds

31
Q

Capillary beds are the site of what?

A

Ion, nutrient, and water exchange

32
Q

What happens as blood flow slows?

A

Diffusion increases and fluid and small molecules enter the extracellular spaces

33
Q

Higher inital blood pressure in the capillaries leads to what?

A

It forces fluid into the interstitial space between cells

34
Q

What role do large molecules play in the capillaries?

A

Large molecule cannot escape the capillaries and, therefore, increase in concentration making the blood hyperosmotic

35
Q

External respiration

A

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between an animal and its environment

36
Q

How much of blood is water?

A

Less than 1%

37
Q

How much of blood is oxygen?

A

21%

38
Q

What facilitates external respiration in insects, the millipedes, and some spiders?

A

An intricate system of tracheae and tracheoles

39
Q

Does blood play a role in oxygen transportation in insects, millipedes, and spiders?

A

No

40
Q

In mammals, what moves air in and out of the lungs?

A

Muscles attached to the ribs

41
Q

In mammals, gas exchange occurs where?

A

Across the surface of the alveoli

42
Q

Birds have what kind of respiratory system?

A

A through-flow respiration system pumped by posterior and anterior air sacs

43
Q

Hemoglobin

A

An oxygen carrying protein molecule in all vertebrates and many invertebrates

44
Q

How much of the oxygen needed by humans is dissolved in blood plasma?

A

~1%

45
Q

How much of the oxygen needed by humans is dissolved hemoglobin?

A

20%

46
Q

When does hemoglobin bind O2?

A

When its in a high oxygen environment

47
Q

When does hemoglobin release O2?

A

When it is in a low oxygen environment?

48
Q

Why is oxygen delivered most to the most active sites?

A

Because both CO2 and lactic acid (from anaerobic respiration) lower blood pH

49
Q

Myoglobin

A

A protein that binds oxygen in muscles

50
Q

Mammalian dive reflex

A

A respiratory and circulatory reflex to conserve O2 is initiated by cold water contacting the face of mammals

51
Q

Mammalian dive reflex causes:

A

1) Heart rate to slow

2) Peripheral blood vessels to constrict

52
Q

Due to the mammalian dive reflex, what happens in very deep dives?

A

Plasma and interstitial fluid move into the chest cavity

BIOL 172 (29 decks)

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