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BIOL 172 > Ch 34 Chordates - Mammals > Flashcards

Ch 34 Chordates - Mammals Flashcards

1
Q

Synapsids were the first what?

A

Amniote group to diversify widely into terrestrial habitates

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2
Q

What were the dominant amniotes during the Permian period?

A

Synapsids

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3
Q

Anapsid

A

No temporal openings in the skull for muscle attachment

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4
Q

Diapsids

A

Two temporal openings in the skull for muscle attachment

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5
Q

Are reptiles anapsids, diapsids, or synapsids?

A

Diapsids

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6
Q

Were the earliest amniotes anapsides, diapsids, or synapsids?

A

Anapsids

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7
Q

Synapsids

A

One temporal opening in the skull for muscle attachment

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8
Q

Are mammals anapsids, diapsids, or synapsids?

A

Synapsids

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9
Q

Shared derived characteristic of mammals

A

Hair

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10
Q

How do mammals nourish their young?

A

Milk produced by mammary glands

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11
Q

Are mammals endothermic or exothermic?

A

Endothermic

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12
Q

What modification in mammals transmits sound in the middle ear?

A

Three bones of the skull

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13
Q

Mammals have what kind of heart?

A

Four-chambered

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14
Q

Mammals have what kind of metabolic rate?

A

High

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15
Q

Hairs

A

Composed of dead, keratin packed cells of the epidermal skin layer

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16
Q

How does hair grow?

A

By proliferation of cells at its base in the hair follicle

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17
Q

Molt

A

The shedding of all hairs at once

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18
Q

Benefits of hair

A

1) Buoyancy
2) Concealment
3) Insulation
4) Protection
5) Sensing
6) Signaling
7) Waterproofing

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19
Q

Guardhairs

A

Long, coarse hairs that overlie underhair

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20
Q

Underhairs

A

Dense, soft, insulating hair

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21
Q

Horns

A

Bones extension of the skull

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22
Q

What covers horns?

A

A sheath of keratin

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23
Q

Antlers

A

Solid bone

24
Q

What covers antlers?

A

Velvet

25
Q

Velvet

A

A highly vascular, soft skin

26
Q

When are antlers covered by velvet?

A

During their growth phase

27
Q

Are antlers shed?

A

Yes, annually

28
Q

Are horns shed?

A

No

29
Q

Sweat glands

A

Produce a watery fluid that cools the skin surface

30
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Consist of cells that rupture to release sebum that conditions skin and hair

31
Q

Mammary glands

A

Produce nourishing milk

32
Q

Scent glands

A

Have various function in chemical signaling including territoriality and mating

33
Q

Heterodont

A

Teeth differentiated to perform specialized functions

34
Q

Advances in mammalian locomotion

A

1) Limbs positioned under, rather than to the sides, of the body
2) Muscular diaphragm for inhalation, loss of abdominal ribs
3) Enlarged cerebrum for greater coordination

35
Q

Three groups of mammals

A

1) Marsupials
2) Monotremes
3) Eutherians

36
Q

Monotremes

A

Mammals that reproduce by laying eggs

37
Q

Female monotremes possess what?

A

An abdominal pouch within which offspring complete their development after hatching

38
Q

How are monotreme young fed?

A

From milk secreted by the mother’s skin within the pouch

39
Q

Marsupials

A

Pouched, viviparous mammals

40
Q

When are marsupial young born?

A

At the embryonic stage of development

41
Q

Where do marsupial young complete development?

A

In the abdominal pouch

42
Q

How are marsupial young fed?

A

From the mother’s nipples

43
Q

Are most mammals, marsupials, monotremes, or eutherians?

A

Eutherians

44
Q

How are eutherian young nourished during embryonic development?

A

Via a placenta

45
Q

Placenta

A

A vascular connection within the uterus between the mother and embryo

46
Q

Gestation

A

The period of development in the uters

47
Q

How long can gestation last?

A

One to twenty-two months

48
Q

What is seen between marsupials and eutherians?

A

Evolutionary convergence

49
Q

Digitigrade

A

Mammals that walk on their digits (toes)

50
Q

Are ungulates considered digitigrades?

A

Yes

51
Q

Perissodactyla

A

The odd-toed ungulates

52
Q

Ungulates

A

Hooved mammals

53
Q

Characteristics that distinguish humans from other apes

A

1) Upright posture and bipedalism
2) Larger brains
3) Reduced jawbones and jaw muscles
4) Shorter digestive tract

54
Q

The larger brains of humans are capable of what?

A

1) Language
2) Symbolic thought
3) Artistic expression
4) Manufacture and use of complex tools

55
Q

Are living primates a part of the human ancestral lineage?

A

NO

BIOL 172 (29 decks)

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