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BIOL 172 > Ch 51 Animal Behavior > Flashcards

Ch 51 Animal Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

To what three men is the modern study of animal behavior generally attributed?

A

1) Konrad Lorenz
2) Niko Tinbergen
3) Karl von Frisch

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2
Q

According to which behavioral ecologist could four questions about behavior?

A

Niko Tinbergen

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3
Q

First question about behavior (Niko Tinbergen)

A

What stimulus elicits the behavior, and what physiological mechanisms mediate the response?

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4
Q

Second question about behavior (Niko Tinbergen)

A

How does the animal’s experience during growth and development influence the response mechanism?

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5
Q

Third question about behavior (Niko Tinbergen)

A

How does he behavior aid survival and reproduction?

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6
Q

Fourth question about behavior (Niko Tinbergen)

A

What is the behavior’s evolutionary history?

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7
Q

The four questions that explain behavior according to Tinbergen, highlight what?

A

The complementary nature of proximate and ultimate perspectives

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8
Q

Proximate causation

A

“How” explanation

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9
Q

Proximate causation focuses on:

A

1) Environmental stimuli that trigger that behavior

2) Genetic, physiological, and anatomical mechanisms underlying a behavior

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10
Q

Ultimate causation

A

“Why” explanation

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11
Q

Ultimate causation focuses on:

A

Evolutionary significance of a behavior

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12
Q

Fixed action pattern

A

A sequence of unlearned, innate behaviors that is unchangeable

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13
Q

Once initiated, what usually occurs to a fixed action pattern?

A

The behavior is carried to completion

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14
Q

Sign stimulus

A

An external cue that triggers a fixed action pattern

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15
Q

Signal

A

A behavior that causes a change in another animal’s behavior

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16
Q

Communication

A

The transmission and reception of signals

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17
Q

Four modes by which animals communicate:

A

1) Visual signals
2) Chemical signals
3) Tactile signals
4) Auditory signals

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18
Q

What is the type of signal used by animal to communicate with closely related to?

A

Lifestyle and environment

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19
Q

What is expected of visual signals?

A

They contrast with habitat backgrounds

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20
Q

What do visual signals convey?

A

Information about the signaler

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21
Q

Benefit of visual signals

A

They can work over long distances

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22
Q

Downside of visual signals:

A

They are limited by line of site

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23
Q

Tactile communication

A

Functions over extremely short ranges

24
Q

Tactile communication is often associated with what?

A

Copulation

25
Q

Downside of acoustic communication:

A

It is energetically costly

26
Q

Benefit of acoustic communication:

A

It can be effective over longs distances and in all directions

27
Q

Acoustic communication is used in:

A

1) Territory maintenance
2) Mating
3) Warning signals

28
Q

Cross-fostering studies help behavioral ecologists identify what?

A

The contribution of environments to an animal’s behavior

29
Q

Cross-fostering studies

A

Studies that place the young from one species in the care of adults from another species

30
Q

Learning

A

The modification of behavior based on specific experiences

31
Q

Imprinting

A

A behavior that includes learning and innate components

Generally irreversible

32
Q

A learned component can only occur during what?

A

A limited sensitive period early in life

33
Q

Spatial learning

A

A complex modification of behavior based on experience with the structure of the environment

34
Q

Cognitive maps

A

Internal representations of spatial relationships between objects

35
Q

What are cognitive maps assembled from?

A

Learned landmarks and innate neural representations of space

36
Q

Associative learning

A

Animals associate one feature of their environment with another

37
Q

Two forms of associative learning

A

1) Classical conditioning

2) Operant conditioning

38
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A type of associative learning in which a conditioned stimulus is linked to an unconditioned stimulus

39
Q

Example of classical conditioning

A

Pavlov’s dog

40
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment

41
Q

What is another name for operant conditioning?

A

Trial-and-error learning

42
Q

Cognition

A

A process of knowing or learning that may include awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgement

43
Q

Problem solving

A

The process of devising a strategy to overcome an obstacle

44
Q

Social learning

A

Learning through the observations of others and forms the roots of culture

45
Q

Altruism

A

Selflessness

46
Q

What explains altruism?

A

Inclusive fitness

47
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

The total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing offspring and helping close relatives produce offspring

48
Q

Hamilton’s Rule

A

A quantitative measure for predicting when natural selection would favor altruistic actions

rB > C

49
Q

Three key variables in altruistic action:

A

1) Benefit to the recipient (B)
2) Cost to the altruist (C)
3) Coefficient of relatedness (r)

50
Q

Coefficient of relatedness

A

The fraction of genes on average that are shared

51
Q

When does natural selection favor altruism?

A

When rB > C

52
Q

Kin selection

A

The natural selection that favors altruistic behavior towards close relatives by enhancing reproductive success of relatives

53
Q

In what kind of groups is kin selection more widespread?

A

In groups that have a higher degree of relatedness

54
Q

Reciprocal altruism

A

When an unrelated individual is aided and returns the favor in the future

55
Q

When can altruistic behavior be adaptive?

A

When reciprocal altruism occurs

56
Q

In game theory, a tit-for-tat strategy has the following rules:

A

1) Individuals always cooperate on first encounter

2) An individual treats another the same way it was treated the last time they met

57
Q

Individuals who engage in (1)___-___-___ ___ have a higher fitness than individuals who are (2)___ ___

A

1) Tit-for-tat strategy

2) Always selfish

BIOL 172 (29 decks)

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