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BIOL 172 > Ch 34 Chordates - Fish > Flashcards

Ch 34 Chordates - Fish Flashcards

1
Q

Three major groups of bilateral animals

A

1) Deuterostomes
2) Lophotrocozoa
3) Ecdysozoa

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2
Q

What clade of bilaterians do humans belong to?

A

Deuterostomia

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3
Q

All echinoderms are what?

A

Marine animals

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4
Q

Echinoderms have what kind of symmetry?

A

Secondarily evolved radial symmetry

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5
Q

From where did the symmetry of echinoderms evolve?

A

A bilateral ancestor

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6
Q

What kind of symmetry is exhibited by echinoderm larva?

A

Bilateral symmetry

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7
Q

Echindoerms have what kind of internal support system?

A

A calcium-containing endoskeleton

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8
Q

Endoskeleton

A

Internal skeleton

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9
Q

What is the internal support system of echinoderms composed of?

A

Plate or tiny, scattered bony elements

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10
Q

Are any of the echinoderms parasites?

A

No

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11
Q

How do echinoderms move?

A

Via a water-vascular system

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12
Q

Water-vascular system

A

Fluid is pushed from muscular ampullae into tube feet, causing them to extend

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13
Q

What two things typically cover the surface of echinoderms?

A

1) Spines

2) Pedicellariae

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14
Q

Pedicellariae

A

Tiny jaws

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15
Q

Pedicellariae serve what purpose?

A

They keep the surface clear of debris and parasites

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16
Q

Catch collagen

A

Changes rapidly between solid and liquid states in response to stimulation from the nervous system

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17
Q

What is a unique connective tissue of echinoderms?

A

Catch collagen

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18
Q

What kind of symmetry is observed in sea cucumbers?

A

Secondarily evolved bilateral symmetry

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19
Q

How do sea cucumbers digest organic matter

A

In ingested sediment

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20
Q

How is the digestive system of sea cucumbers used as a defensive mechanism?

A

It can be expelled (and regenerated)

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21
Q

Four shared derived characters of chordates

A

1) Notochord
2) Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
3) Pharyngeal slits/clefts
4) Muscular, post-anal tail

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22
Q

Notochord

A

A semi-rigid rod of cells enclosed by a fibrous sheath

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23
Q

Function of the notochord

A

Functions as a skeletal muscle

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24
Q

Nerve cord

A

Dorsal and hollow

Runs length of body

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25
Q

Pharyngeal slits

A

Openings in the pharyngeal cavity (throat) to the outside of the animal

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26
Q

In later chordates, what gave rise to the structures of the middle ear, tonsils, and internal gills?

A

The evolution of pouches between the pharyngeal slits

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27
Q

Post-anal tail

A

Muscular

Evolved for locomotion in water

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28
Q

Two clades of the chordates that divered early in the evolution of vertebrates

A

1) Cephalochordata

2) Urochordata

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29
Q

Cephalochordates (lancelets)

A

Small, thin filter feeders

Found in sandy bottoms in coastal waters

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30
Q

Cephalochordates lack what?

A

1) Gills

2) Heart

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31
Q

Cephalochordates posses what?

A

A closed circulatory system

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32
Q

Are urochordates or cephalochordates more closely related to chordates?

A

Urochordates

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33
Q

How do urochordates (tunicates) feed?

A

Filter feeding

Draw water in through an incurrent siphon

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34
Q

Do all urochordates (tunicates) posses all four chordate traits?

A

No, only the free-swimming larva have all four traits

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35
Q

Craniates

A

Chordates that have a head

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36
Q

Craniates posses what?

A

1) Heat with at least two chambers
2) Red blood cells with hemoglobin
3) Kidneys

37
Q

Neural crest

A

Feature unique to craniate embryos

38
Q

The neural crest gives rise to what structures?

A

Some bone of the cartilage of the skull

39
Q

Haikouella

A

Among the most primitive of chordate fossils

40
Q

How long ago did Haikouella live?

A

530 mya

41
Q

Haikouella possesed what?

A

1) Well formed brain
2) Eyes
3) Muscular segments

42
Q

Haikouella lack what?

A

A skull

43
Q

Is “fish” a good monophyletic group within the chordates?

A

No

44
Q

Two groups of jawless fishes

A

1) Myxini

2) Petromyzontida

45
Q

Myxini skeletal system

A

Notochord only “backbone”

46
Q

Petromyzontida skeletal system

A

Fibrous and cartilaginous skeleton

47
Q

Myxini braincase

A

Cartilaginous braincase

48
Q

Petromyzontida braincase

A

Cartilaginous braincase

49
Q

Myxini fins

A

No paired fins

50
Q

Myxini digestion

A

No stomach

51
Q

Petromyzontida fins

A

No paired fins

52
Q

Petromyzontida digestion

A

Distinct stomach

53
Q

Myxini circulatory system

A

Partially open circulatory system with four hearts

54
Q

Petromyzontida circulatory system

A

Closed circulatory system with one heart

55
Q

Gnathostomes

A

Chordates with jaws

56
Q

Gnathostomes include (six):

A

1) Sharks, etc
2) Ray-finned fishes
3) Lobe-finned fishes
4) Amphibians
5) Reptiles (including birds)
6) Mammals

57
Q

Two advantages of jaws

A

1) Improved respiratory efficiency

2) Facilitated prey handling

58
Q

How did jaws improve respiratory efficiency?

A

Closing jaws prevent backflow when water is passed over the gills

59
Q

How did jaws facilitate handling prey?

A

They allows for grasping, biting, and suction feeding

60
Q

From what structures may the jaws of gnathostomes evolve?

A

Skeletal supports of the pharyngeal slits

61
Q

What are the earliest gnathostomes in the fossil record?

A

Placoderms

62
Q

Placoderms

A

An extinct lineage of armored vertebrates

63
Q

How long ago did placoderms live?

A

450 mya

64
Q

Chondricthyans have a skeleton composed primarily of what?

A

Cartilage

65
Q

The largest and most diverse group of chondrichthyans include what?

A

1) Sharks
2) Rays
3) Skates

66
Q

What is a derived trait of chondrichthyes?

A

The lack of mineralization in their cartilaginous skeleton

67
Q

The vertebrate ancestors of chondrichthyes possessed what?

A

Calcified bony skeletal elements

68
Q

What kind of scales are found on chondricthyans?

A

Placoid

69
Q

Placoid scales

A

Modified to form horns, spines, and teeth

70
Q

The teeth of skates and rays are modified into what?

A

Plates for crushing molluscs, crustaceans, or fish

71
Q

What is one intestinal adaptation of the chondrichthyans?

A

Spiral valve

72
Q

Spiral valve

A

Slows the passage of food and increases the surface area for absorption

73
Q

What contributes to buoyancy in sharks?

A

A huge, oily liver

74
Q

Why must sharks continually swim?

A

Because they are denser than water and will sink if they stop swimming

75
Q

Claspers

A

Modifications of the pelvic fins used in copulation

76
Q

Are shark eggs fertilized internally or externally?

A

Internally

77
Q

Three ways shark eggs develop:

A

1) Oviparous
2) Ovoviviparous
3) Viviparous

78
Q

Oviparous

A

Eggs hatch outside the mother’s body

79
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

The embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk

80
Q

Viviparous

A

The embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished through a yolk sac placenta from the mother’s blood

81
Q

What clade of gnathostomes do a vast majority of vertebrates belong to?

A

Osteichthyes

82
Q

Osteichthyans include:

A

1) Bony fish

2) Tetrapods

83
Q

Actinopterygii

A

Ray-finned fishes

84
Q

Nearly all the familiar osteichthyans belong to what?

A

The Acinopterygii

85
Q

Osteichthyans have what kind of skeletal system?

A

A bony skeletal system

86
Q

What covers the gills of osteichthyans?

A

A plate-like operculum

87
Q

Operculum

A

Allows fish to breath efficiently without forward movement

88
Q

How are bony fishes more diverse than the chondricthyes?

A

They have more diverse teeth and digestive system

89
Q

What increased swimming efficiency and maneuverability in bony fishes?

A

The evolution of a gas bladder

BIOL 172 (29 decks)

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