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BIOL 172 > Ch 46 Animal Reproduction > Flashcards

Ch 46 Animal Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

The creation of an offspring by fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (egg) to form a zygote

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2
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

The creation of offspring without the fusion of egg and sperm

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3
Q

How do many invertebrates reproduce asexually?

A

Fission

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4
Q

Fission

A

Separation of a parent into two or more individuals of about the same size

Form of asexual reproduction

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5
Q

Budding

A

New individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones

Form of asexual reproduction

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6
Q

Fragmentation

A

Breaking of the body into pieces, some or all of which develop into adults

Form of asexual reproduction

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7
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

The development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg

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8
Q

In what organisms does parthenogenesis occur?

A

1) In many plants
2) Some invertebrates
3) Some vertebrates (amphibians and reptiles)

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9
Q

What is one example of parthenogenesis occurring in vertebrate?

A

Aspidoscelis (whiptail lizards)

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10
Q

In how many species of Aspidoscelis does parthenogenesis occur?

A

15

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11
Q

How did the species of Aspidoscelis that reproduce by parthenogenesis arise?

A

From hybridization among sexual species

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12
Q

What is the “twofold cost” of sexual reproduction?

A

Sexual females have half as many daughters as asexual females

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13
Q

Do most eukaryotic species reproduce sexually or asexually?

A

Sexually

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14
Q

Why does sexual reproduction provide potential advantages over asexual reproduction?

A

It results in genetic recombination

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15
Q

Potential advantages of sexual reproduction

A

1) Increases the variation in offspring, providing an increase in the reproductive success in changing environments
2) Increases the rate of adaptation
3) Shuffles the genes and eliminates harmful genes from a population

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16
Q

Most animals exhibit reproductive cycles related to what?

A

Changing seasons

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17
Q

Most animals exhibit reproductive cycles controlled by what two things?

A

1) Hormones

2) Environmental cues

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18
Q

Ovulation

A

The release of mature eggs at the midpoint of a female cycle

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19
Q

Are reproductive cycles and mating behaviors retained in asexual whiptail lizards (Aspidoscelis)?

A

Yes

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20
Q

Gonads

A

The organs that produce gametes

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21
Q

In addition to gonads, many animals possess what?

A

Accessory organs

Involved in the transfer and reception of sperm

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22
Q

Spermatheca

A

Organ in many female insects where sperm is stored during copulation

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23
Q

Cloaca

A

A common opening for digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems

Typically found in nonmammalian vertebrates

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24
Q

Female external reproductive structures of humans

A

1) Sensory clitoris

2) Two sets of labia

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25
Q

Female internal reproductive structures of humans

A

1) Pair of gonads

2) System of ducts and chambers that carry gametes and house the embryo and fetus

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26
Q

Male external reproductive structures of humans

A

1) Penis

2) Scrotum

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27
Q

Male internal reproductive structures of humans

A

1) Gonads

2) Accessory glands

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28
Q

Vagina

A

Thin-walled chamber that is the repository for sperm during copulation

Serves as birth canal

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29
Q

Each ovary contains many what?

A

Follicles

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30
Q

Follicle

A

Contains an oocyte

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31
Q

Oocyte

A

A partially developed egg

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32
Q

Ovum

A

A fully developed egg

33
Q

Oogenesis

A

Process where an oocyte develops into an ovum

34
Q

Oviduct (fallopian tube)

A

Tube through which the ovum cell travels from the ovary to the uterus

35
Q

Endometrium

A

Uterus lining

36
Q

How does the endometrium support egg development?

A

It has many blood vessels

37
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Site of sperm formation

Found in the testes

38
Q

Leydig cells

A

Produce hormones

Scattered between the tubules

39
Q

Sperm passes from the testes to what?

A

The epididymis

40
Q

During ejaculation, sperm is propelled through what two structures?

A

1) Vas deferens

2) Ejaculatory duct

41
Q

Urthera

A

Structure through which sperm exits the penis

42
Q

The human penis is composed of what?

A

Three cylinders of spongy erectile tissue

43
Q

What causes an erection?

A

During arousal, the erectile tissue fills with blood from the arteries

44
Q

Semen

A

Composed of sperm and secretions from three sets of accessory glands

45
Q

Three accessory glands that help form semen

A

1) Two seminal vesicles
2) Prostate gland
3) Bulbourethral glands

46
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Contribute ~60% of the total volume of semen

47
Q

Prostate gland

A

Secrets its products directly into the urethra through several small ducts

48
Q

Bulbourethral glands

A

Secrete a clear mucus before ejaculation that neutralizes acidic urine remaining in the urethra

49
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

The development of sperm

50
Q

How many sperm are produced each day?

A

Millions

51
Q

How long does it take each sperm to develop?

A

7 weeks

52
Q

Oogenesis

A

The development of an egg

53
Q

Ovulation

A

The monthly release of a mature egg

54
Q

How many of the products of meiosis develop into sperm?

A

All four

55
Q

How many of the products of meiosis develop into an egg?

A

One of the four

56
Q

What are the two main male reproductive hormones?

A

1) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

2) Leutenizing hormone (LH)

57
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Promotes the activity of Sertoli cells

58
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Nourish developing sperm

59
Q

Leutenizing hormone (LH)

A

Regulates Leydig cells

60
Q

Leydig cells

A

Secrete tetosterone and other androgens

61
Q

Testosterone and other androgens promote what?

A

Spermatogenesis

62
Q

What closely links the two cycles of female reproduction?

A

Hormones

63
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

Female reproductive cycle defined by changes in the ovaries

64
Q

Menstrual cycle (uterine cycle)

A

Female reproductive cycle defined by changes in the uterus

65
Q

What happens to the endometrium before ovulation?

A

It thickens in preparation for embryo implantation

66
Q

Menstruation

A

Shedding of the endometrium

Occurs if an embryo does not implant into the endometrium

67
Q

What three hormones stimulate follicle growth?

A

1) Follicle stimulating hormone (LSH)
2) Leutenizing hormone (LH)
3) Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

68
Q

Follicle growth and an increase in the hormone estradiol leads to what?

A

Ovulation and the release of a secondary oocyte (mature egg)

69
Q

Where do immature eggs form?

A

The female embryo

70
Q

When do eggs complete their development?

A

Many years after birth

71
Q

What does the follicle become after releasing an egg?

A

The corpus luteum

72
Q

The corpus luteum secretes what two hormones to maintain pregnancy?

A

1) Estradiol

2) Progesterone

73
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

Hormone released by the embryo to prevent menstruation

74
Q

How does the embryo obtain nutrients for the first 2 to 4 weeks?

A

Directly from the endometrium

75
Q

What forms the placenta?

A

Mingling between the trophoblast and endometrium

76
Q

What is one of the few examples of positive feedback loops in humans?

A

Hormonal controls in birth

77
Q

What replaces the menstrual cycle in most animals?

A

Estrous cycle

78
Q

Estrous cycle characteristics

A

1) Endometrium is reabsorbed by the uterus
2) Sexual receptivity is limited to a “heat” period
3) Length and frequency of the estrous cycles vary from species to species

BIOL 172 (29 decks)

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