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BIOL 172 > Ch 52 Introduction to Ecology > Flashcards

Ch 52 Introduction to Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Ecology

A

The scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment

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2
Q

Interactions between organisms and the environment determine what?

A

The distribution of organisms and their abundance

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3
Q

Modern ecology includes what two things?

A

1) Observation

2) Experimentation

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4
Q

Landscape ecology

A

Focuses on the exchange of energy, materials, and organisms across ecosystems

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5
Q

Ecosystem

A

The community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact

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6
Q

Ecosystem ecology

A

Emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components

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7
Q

Community

A

A group of populations of different species in an area

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8
Q

Community ecology

A

Deals with the interactions of species in a community

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9
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals of the same species living in an area

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10
Q

Population ecology

A

Focuses on factors effecting population size over time

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11
Q

Organismal ecology

A

Studies how physiology and (for animals) behavior meet environmental challenges

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12
Q

Physiology

A

An organism’s structure

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13
Q

Organismal ecology includes (1) ___ ___, (2)___ ___, and (3)___ ___

A

1) Physiological ecology
2) Behavioral ecology
3) Evolutionary ecology

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14
Q

Climate

A

The long-term prevailing weather conditions in an area

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15
Q

Four major components of climate

A

1) Temperature
2) Precipitation
3) Sunlight
4) Winde

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16
Q

Macroclimate

A

Consists of patterns on the global, regional, and landscape level

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17
Q

Microclimate

A

Consists of patterns on finer scales

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18
Q

What two factors cause seasonality at high latitudes?

A

1) Tilt of the Earth’s axis

2) Annual passage of the Earth around the sun

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19
Q

What factors produce regions of high rainfall, deserts, and trade winds?

A

1) Rotation of the Earth

2) Warm air rising at the equator

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20
Q

Equator

A

Area of high fainfall

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21
Q

Trade winds

A

Horizontal winds

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22
Q

What three things moderate the climates of nearby terrestrial environments?

A

1) Oceans
2) Ocean currents
3) Large lakes

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23
Q

During the day, air (1)___ over (2)___ land and draws a (3)___ breeze from the water across the land

A

1) Rises
2) Warm
3) Cool

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24
Q

During the night, air (1)___ over (2)___ and draws a (3)___ breeze from the land across the water

A

1) Falls
2) Cool
3) Cool

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25
Q

Rising, cooling air (1)___ moisture on the (2)___ side of a peak

A

1) Releases

2) Windward

26
Q

Air (1)___ moisture on the (2)___ side of a peak

A

1) Absorbs

2) Leeward

27
Q

What determines a microclimate?

A

Fine-scale differences in the environment that affect light and wind patterns

28
Q

Two factors the characterize the difference in environments:

A

1) Abiotic factors

2) Biotic factors

29
Q

Abiotic

A

Includes nonliving attributes

Temperature, light, water, and nutrients

30
Q

Biotic

A

Includes other organisms that are part of an individual’s environment

31
Q

Biomes

A

Major life zones

32
Q

Biomes are characterized by:

A

1) Vegetation type (terrestrial biomes)

2) Physical environment (aquatic biomes)

33
Q

(1)___ is the predominant factor in determining why (2)___ ___ are fond in certain areas

A

1) Climate

2) Terrestrial biomes

34
Q

Terrestrial biomes are often named for what?

A

1) Major physical or climate factors

2) Vegetation

35
Q

Ecotone

A

The area of intergradiation between terrestrial biomes

36
Q

Is an ecotone wide or narrow?

A

It can be either wide or narrow

37
Q

Disturbance

A

An event that changes a community

38
Q

Three major disturbances:

A

1) Storm
2) Fire
3) Human activity

39
Q

In terms of area, do terrestrial or aquatic biomes account for the largest part o the biosphere?

A

Aquatic biomes

40
Q

Aquatic biomes show less ___ ___ than terrestrial biomes

A

Latitudinal variation

41
Q

What is the largest marine biome?

A

The ocean

42
Q

Many aquatic biomes are stratified into distinct layers defined by:

A

1) Light penetration
2) Temperature
3) Depth

43
Q

Pelagic zone

A

The open photic and aphotic zones

44
Q

Benthic zone

A

Sediment at the bottom

45
Q

Abyssal zone

A

2,000 to 6,000 meters in depth

46
Q

Thermocline

A

A temperature boundary that separates the warm upper layer from the cold deeper layer

47
Q

Turnover

A

Semiannual mixing of water

48
Q

Large lakes undergo what process?

A

Turnover

49
Q

Species distributions are the result of (1) ___ and (2)___ interactions through time

A

1) Ecological

2) Evolutionary

50
Q

Ecological time

A

The minute-to-minute time frame of interactions between organisms and the environment

51
Q

Evolutionary time

A

Spans many generations and captures adaptations through natural selection

52
Q

Species transplants include what?

A

Organisms that are intentionally or accidentally relocated from their original environment

53
Q

What does a successful species transplant indicate?

A

That the species’ potential range is larger than its actual range

54
Q

What is one downside to species transplants?

A

They can disrupt the communities or ecosystems to which they have been introduced

55
Q

Four questions to ask regarding why a species is absent from an area:

A

1) Does dispersal limit its distribution?
2) Does behavior limit its distribution?
3) Do biotic factors (other species) limit its distribution?
4) Do abiotic factors limit its distribution?

56
Q

If dispersal limits a species from spreading into an area, what is indicated?

A

The area is inaccessible or insufficient time has passed for that species to spread into that area

57
Q

If behavior limits a species from spreading into an area, what is indicated?

A

The presence of habitat selection

58
Q

If biotic factors (other species) limit a species from spreading into an area, what is indicated?

A

The presence of predation, parasitism, competition, and/or disease

59
Q

If abiotic factors limit a species from spreading into an area, what is indicated?

A

The presence of chemical factors or physical factors

60
Q

Chemical factors include:

A

1) Water
2) Oxygen
3) Salinity
4) pH
5) Soil nutrients

61
Q

Physical factors include:

A

1) Temperature
2) Light
3) Soil structure
4) Fire
5) Moisture

BIOL 172 (29 decks)

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