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BIOL 172 > Ch 40 Animal Form and Function > Flashcards

Ch 40 Animal Form and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

A group of similar cells (and cell products) specialized for performance of a common function

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2
Q

Four basic types of tissue

A

1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscular
4) Nervous

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3
Q

Epithelium

A

A sheet of cells that covers an external or internal surface

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4
Q

Three functions of epithelial tissue

A

1) Protection
2) Transport
3) Production

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5
Q

Epithelial tissue produces what?

A

1) Hormones
2) Enzymes
3) Other cellular products

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6
Q

What does epithelial tissue lack?

A

A direct blood supply

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7
Q

What supports epithelial tissue?

A

A basement layer of connective tissue

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8
Q

Cuboidal epithelium

A

Involved in secretion and absorption

Found in lines and small ducts

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9
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Found in highly absorptive surfaces (intestine)

Cells may have microvilli extending the surface

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10
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Usually ciliated

Lining of trachea (respiratory airways)

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11
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

More than one layer continually produced by the basal layer of cells

Withstand stretching and abrasion as in the mouth

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12
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Permits diffusion of molecules

Blood vessels and lungs

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13
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Fixed and free cells suspended in a thick fluid

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14
Q

Function of loose connective tissue

A

Binds epithelial tissue to underlying tissue and holds organs in place

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15
Q

Fibrous connective tissue

A

Densely packed fibers

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16
Q

Function of fibrous connective tissue

A

Connects muscles and bones (tendons, ligaments)

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17
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

1) Binding

2) Support

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18
Q

Connective tissue is composed of what?

A

1) Cells embedded in a matrix of fibers

2) A thick fluid ground substance

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19
Q

Characteristics of collagen

A

1) High tensile strength

2) High elastic resilience

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20
Q

Collagen

A

Most abundant protein in the bodies of animals

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21
Q

Collagen comprises much of what?

A

Fibers in connective tissues

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22
Q

Skin

A

Dense, irregular arrangement of collagen

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23
Q

Ligament

A

Collagen arranged in sheets

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24
Q

Ligaments connect what?

A

Bone to bone

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25
Q

Tendon

A

Collagen in a cable-like arrangement

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26
Q

Tendons connect what?

A

Muscle to bone

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27
Q

Cartilage

A

Closely-packed fivers in a gel-like matrix

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28
Q

Where are the cells of cartilage located?

A

Small pockets in the matrix

29
Q

Where does cartilage occur?

A

1) Joints
2) Respiratory airways
3) Skeleton

30
Q

Bone

A

A living, highly vascular tissue containing

31
Q

Bone contains what?

A

Collagen fibers deposited with calcium salts

32
Q

Osteablast cells

A

Deposit bone lamellae around the marrow

33
Q

Osteoclast cells

A

Break down bone and reabsorb the minerals

34
Q

Most bone develops from what?

A

Cartilage

35
Q

How does bone develop?

A

Osteoblasts deposit extracellular calcium throughout spaces in the cartilage

36
Q

What extends bones during growth?

A

Active cartilage cells at the epiphyseal plate

37
Q

Bone strength is proportional to what?

A

Its cross-section area

38
Q

Muscle has what kind of construction?

A

Hierarchical

39
Q

What is bundled into muscle fibers?

A

Myofibril contractile units

40
Q

What are muscle fibers bundled into?

A

Fascicles which comprise muscles

41
Q

What role does ATP play in muscle movement?

A

ATP activated heads on thick myosin filaments attach to and pull thin actin filaments

42
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Striated muscle

43
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Slow acting, efficient involuntary muscle

44
Q

Skeletal muscle is involved in what kind of movement?

A

Voluntary

45
Q

Skeletal muscle is found where in the body?

A

Attached to bone

46
Q

Smooth muscle is found where in the body?

A

Intestines and blood vessels

47
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Fast acting, involuntary muscle of the heart

48
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Senses stimuli and transmit signals throughout the animal

49
Q

Nervous tissue contains:

A

1) Neurons

2) Glial cells (glia)

50
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells

51
Q

Glial cells (glia)

A

Nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons

52
Q

Metabolic rate varies proportional to what?

A

The ratio of surface area to volume

53
Q

What kinds of animals have higher metabolism per unit of body mass?

A

Small animals

54
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of internal steady states of physiological self regulation

55
Q

What is the primary feedback that maintains homeostasis?

A

Negative feedback

56
Q

Thermoregulation

A

The maintenance of a stable body temperature

57
Q

Why is thermoregulation necessary for life?

A

Enzymes have an optimum temperature under which they function best

58
Q

Most life exists between what temperatures?

A

0 to 40 degrees Celsius

32 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit

59
Q

Ectotherms

A

Organisms that do not produce metabolic heat at rates high enough to regulate their body temperature

60
Q

Endotherms

A

Organisms that generate enough metabolic heat to raise their temperature above that of the environment

61
Q

Poikilotherms

A

Organisms whose body temperature varies with its environment

62
Q

Homeotherms

A

Organisms whose body temperature remains relatively constant

63
Q

Is the relationship between heat source and body temperature fixed?

A

Nope

64
Q

Hypothalymus

A

Region of the brain that controls thermoregulation

65
Q

What is triggered by the hypothalamus?

A

1) Heat loss

2) Heat generation

66
Q

Five adaptations that help animals thermoregulate

A

1) Insulation
2) Circulatory adaptations
3) Cooling by evaporative heat loss
4) Behavioral responses
5) Adjusting metabolic heat production

67
Q

Vasodilation

A

Blood flow in the skin increases, facilitating heat loss

68
Q

Vascoconstriction

A

Blood flow in the skin decreases, lowering heat loss

69
Q

Countercurrent heat exchange

A

Transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions and reduce heat loss

BIOL 172 (29 decks)

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