Ch 43 Immune System

Question 1

How does the immune system prevent infection by parasites?

Answer 1

It responds with production of immune cells or products that target foreign bodies

Question 2

Two types of immune defense responses?

Answer 2

1) Innate immunity

2) Acquired immunity

Question 3

Innate immunity

Answer 3

The set of defenses present from birth

Present before exposure to pathogens

Question 4

Pathogens

Answer 4

Cause of disease

Question 5

Innate immunity is comprise of what kind of responses to pathogens?

Answer 5

Nonspecific

Question 6

Innate immunity includes what two things?

Answer 6

1) External barriers

2) Internal cellular and chemical defenses

Question 7

Acquired immunity

Answer 7

Develops after exposure to microbes, toxins, and other foreign bodies

Question 8

Acquired immunity is comprised of what kind of response to pathogens?

Answer 8

Specific

This means that specific pathogens are targeted

Question 9

Barrier defenses of innate immunity

Answer 9

1) Skin
2) Mucous membranes
3) Secretions

Question 10

Internal defenses of innate immunity

Answer 10

1) Phagocytic cells
2) Antimicrobial proteins
3) Inflammatory response
4) Natural killer cells

Question 11

Innate immunity recognize what traits?

Answer 11

Traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens, using a small set of receptors

Question 12

Is innate or acquired immunity faster?

Answer 12

Innate

Question 13

Humoral response of acquired immunity

Answer 13

Antibodies defend against infection in body fluids

Question 14

Cell-mediated response of acquired immunity

Answer 14

Cytotoxic lymphoctyes defend against infection in body cells

Question 15

Most invertebrate recognize what two tissues?

Answer 15

1) Self

2) Nonself

Question 16

Innate immunity of invertebrates includes:

Answer 16

1) Cuticle of the exoskeleton
2) Phagocytosis and lysosomes
3) Encapsulation
4) Antimicrobial peptides that interfere with microbe signaling or perforate cell walls

Question 17

What is present in almost all single-celled and multicellular organisms?

Answer 17

Phagocytosis

Question 18

Lysosomes contain what?

Answer 18

1) Digestive enzymes

2) Cellular toxins (hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid)

Question 19

Four nonspecific (innate) immune defenses in vertebrates include:

Answer 19

1) Skin and mucus membranes of the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts act as mechanical barriers
2) Saliva and tears contain lysosomes
3) Low pH of skin and digestive system
4) White blood cells that engulf pathogens in the body

Question 20

Seven blood cell types

Answer 20

1) Mast cells
2) Macrophages
3) Plasma B cell
4) Memory B cell
5) Natural killer cell
6) Helper T cell
7) Cytotoxic T cell

Question 21

What five blood cells are also lymphocytes (white blood cells)?

Answer 21

1) Plasma B cell
2) Memory B cell
3) Natural killer cell
4) Helper T cell
5) Cytotoxic cell

Question 22

Macrophages consume what?

Answer 22

1) Pathogens

2) Dead cells

Question 23

Macrophages are involved in what?

Answer 23

1) Tissue repair

2) Stimulation of lymphocytes

Question 24

Lymphatic system serves what two purposes?

Answer 24

1) Collect interstitial fluid and returns it to circulation

2) `Transports and houses immune cells

Question 25

B and T cells have binding sites that do what?

Answer 25

Bind specific antigens

Question 26

Antigens

Answer 26

Foreign molecules

Question 27

Lymphocytes have what kind of response to antigens?

Answer 27

An immune response

Question 28

B cells secrete what?

Answer 28

Antibodies

Question 29

Antibodies

Answer 29

Free molecules with antigen binding sites

Question 30

Antibodies serve what purposes in the immune system?

Answer 30

They are signals and binding sites for other components of the immune system

Question 31

Can antibodies disable pathogens?

Answer 31

Yes

Question 32

Major histocompatibility complex

Answer 32

Proteins embedded in the surface of the body’s cells and bind to and display proteins

Question 33

What attracts natural killer cells and T cells?

Answer 33

MHC proteins that bind to and display foreign proteins

Question 34

Cytokines

Answer 34

Protein hormones involved in communication within the immune system

Question 35

Cytokines are released by most cells of the body including what?

Answer 35

1) Helper T cells
2) Mast cells
3) Macrophages

Question 36

Cytokines initiate what?

Answer 36

The inflammation response of the immune system

Question 37

Following injury, mast cells release what?

Answer 37

Cytokines including histamine

Question 38

Histamine

Answer 38

Increase local blood vessel dilation

Question 39

Fever

Answer 39

A systemic inflammation response that raises the body’s temperature set-point

Question 40

What stimulates a B cell to divide rapidly to produce two types of clones itself?

Answer 40

Binding an antigen

Question 41

Plasma B cells

Answer 41

Short lived, but immediately active

Question 42

Memory B Cells

Answer 42

Long lived

Question 43

Vaccination

Answer 43

A nonpathogenic form of a microbe or part of a microbe is introduced into the body to stimulate active immunity

Question 44

How is passive immunity acquired?

Answer 44

1) When antibodies cross the placenta from mother to fetus
2) When antibodies are passed to the infant in breast milk
3) When antibodies are injected into the body