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BIOL 172 > Ch 47 Animal Development > Flashcards

Ch 47 Animal Development Flashcards

0
Q

Three steps of fertilization

A

1) Sperm penetrate the protective layer around the egg
2) Receptors on the egg surface bind to molecules on the sperm surface
3) Changes at the egg surface prevent polyspermy

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1
Q

Development occurs when during the life cycle of an animal?

A

At many points

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2
Q

Polyspermy

A

The entry of multiple sperm nuclei into the egg

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3
Q

In sea urchins, what is triggered when the sperm meets the egg?

A

An acrosomal reaction

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4
Q

Acrosome

A

A substance at the tip of sea urchin sperm that releases hydrolytic enzymes that digest that digest material surrounding the egg

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5
Q

The acrosomal process binds to what?

A

Receptors in the egg in a lock-and-key fashion

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6
Q

Gamete contact and/or fusions serves what two purposes?

A

1) Depolarizes the egg cell membrane

2) Sets up a fast block to polyspermy

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7
Q

Cortical reaction

A

A reaction where vesicles beneath the egg plasma membrane release their contents and form and fertilization envelope that acts as a slow block to
polyspermy

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8
Q

Calcium ion released in the cortical reaction activates what?

A

The egg to increase respiration and protein synthesis

The nuclei of the sperm and egg merge

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9
Q

Fertilization in mammals and other terrestrial animals is internal or external?

A

Internal

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10
Q

Capacitation

A

Secretions in the mammalian female productive tract alter sperm motility and structure

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11
Q

What must occur before sperm are able to fertilize an egg?

A

Capacitation

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12
Q

Is a form of fast block to polyspermy known in mammals?

A

No.

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13
Q

What triggers a slow block to polyspermy in mammals?

A

Sperm binding a receptor in the extracellular so a pellucida

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14
Q

Blastomeres

A

Smaller cells formed by cleavage

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15
Q

Blastula

A

A ball of cells with a blastocoel

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16
Q

Blastocoel

A

Fluid-filled cavity of the blastula

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17
Q

In frogs and many other animals, what influences the pattern of cleavage?

A

The distribution of yolk

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18
Q

The difference in yolk distribution results in what?

A

Animal and vegetal hemispheres that differ in appearance

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19
Q

Vegetal pole has more or less yolk?

A

More

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20
Q

Animal pole has more or less yolk?

A

Less

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21
Q

Holoblastic cleavage

A

Complete division of the egg

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22
Q

Holoblastic cleavage occurs in what species?

A

Species whose eggs have little or moderate amounts if yolk

Ex: Sea urchins and frogs

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23
Q

Meroblastic cleavage

A

Incomplete division of the eggs

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24
Q

Meroblastic cleavage occurs in what species?

A

Species with yolk-rich eggs

Ex: Reptiles and birds

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25
Q

Morphogenesis

A

The process by which cells occupy their appropriate locations

26
Q

Morphogenesis involves what two things?

A

1) Gastrulation

2) Organogenesis

27
Q

Gastrulation

A

The movement of cells from the blastula surface to the interior of the embryo

28
Q

Germ layers

A

The three layers produces by gastrulation

29
Q

Ectoderm (definition)

A

Forms the outermost germ layer

30
Q

Endoderm (definition)

A

Lines the digestive tract

31
Q

Mesoderm (definition)

A

Partly fills the space between the endoderm and ectoderm

32
Q

Each germ layer contributes to what?

A

Specific structures in the adult animal

33
Q

The ectoderm gives rise to what?

A

1) Epidermis of skin and its derivatives (sweat glands, hair follicles)
2) Nervous and sensory systems
3) Pituitary gland, adrenal medulla
4) Jaws and teeth
5) Germ cells

34
Q

The mesoderm gives rise to what?

A

1) Skeletal and muscular systems
2) Circulatory and lymphatic systems
3) Excretory and reproductive systems
4) Dermis if skin
5) Adrenal cortex

35
Q

The endoderm gives rise to what?

A

1) Epithelial lining if digestive tract and associated organs
2) Epithelial lining if respiratory, excretory, and reproductive tracts
3) Thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid

36
Q

How much yolk do human eggs have?

A

Very little

37
Q

Blastocyst

A

Human equivalent of the blastula

38
Q

Topholblast

A

The outer epithelial layer of the blastocyst

39
Q

Does the trophoblast contribute to the embryo?

A

No

40
Q

What does the trophoblast initiate?

A

Implantation

41
Q

What occurs to the trophoblast following implantation?

A

It continues to expand and a set of extraembryonic membranes is formed

42
Q

Organogenesis

A

Process during which various regions of the germ layers develop into rudimentary organs

43
Q

What two structures form early in vertebrate ogranogenesis?

A

1) Notochord forms from mesoderm

2) Neural plate forms from ectoderm

44
Q

Mesoderm lateral to the notochord forms what?

A

Somites

45
Q

Somites

A

Blocks of mesoderm

46
Q

What occurs laterally to somites?

A

The mesoderm splits to form the coelom

47
Q

During organogenesis, what changes cell shape and position?

A

Reorganization of the cytoskeleton

48
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

49
Q

At various times during development, what happens to indvidual cells, sets of cells, or whole tissues?

A

They stop growing and are engulfed by neighboring cells

50
Q

Determination

A

Describes the process by which a cell or group of cells becomes committed to a particular fate

51
Q

Differentiation

A

Refers to the specialization in structure and function resulting from determination

52
Q

Fate maps

A

Describe cell differentiation by showing what structures arise from each region

53
Q

What helps establish the anterior-posterior axis in animals such as chicks?

A

Gravity

54
Q

What helps establish the dorsal-ventral axis?

A

pH differences between the two sides of the blastoderm

55
Q

In mammals, what may help establish embryonic axis?

A

Orientation of the egg and sperm nuclei before fusion

56
Q

Inductive signals play a major role in what?

A

Pattern formation

57
Q

Pattern formation

A

Development of spatial organization

58
Q

Positional information

A

Molecular cues that control pattern formation

59
Q

What tells a cell where it is with respect to the body axes?

A

Positional information

60
Q

In the human embryo, ciliary function is essential for what?

A

Proper specification of cell fate in the human embryo

61
Q

Monocilia (nonmotile cilia)

A

Plays roles in normal kidney development in human embryo

62
Q

Motile cilia

A

Play roles in left-right specification in human embryo

BIOL 172 (29 decks)

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