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BIOL 172 > Ch 45 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Ch 45 Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical signals

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2
Q

Where are hormones secreted into?

A

The circulatory system

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3
Q

Hormones serve what purpose?

A

Communicating regulatory messages within the body

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4
Q

What allows hormones only to effect target cells?

A

Receptors on those target cells for the specific hormone

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5
Q

What two systems coordinate internal communication?

A

1) Endocrine system

2) Nervous system

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6
Q

Endocrine system

A

Secretes hormones that coordinate slower, but longer-acting responses

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7
Q

Nervous system

A

Conveys high-speed electrical signals along neurons

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8
Q

What do signals within the nervous system do?

A

Regulate other cells

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9
Q

Neurons

A

Specialized cells of the nervous system

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10
Q

Endocrine signaling maintains what?

A

Homeostasis

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11
Q

Endocrine signaling mediates what?

A

Responses to stimuli

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12
Q

Endocrine signaling regulates what?

A

Growth and development

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13
Q

Local regulators

A

Molecules that act over short distances

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14
Q

How do local regulators reach target cells?

A

Solely by diffusion

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15
Q

Two types of signaling that produces local regulators

A

1) Paracrine signaling

2) Autocrine signaling

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16
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Target cells lie near the secreting cells

Act locally by diffusing to nearby target cells

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17
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

Target cell is also the secreting cell

Have regulatory action on the cell that produces them

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18
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Small, ductless glands that release hormones into blood vessels

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19
Q

Synapses

A

Specialized junction formed between neurons and target cells

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20
Q

Neurons secrete what?

A

Neurotransmitters

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21
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Molecules that diffuse short distances and bind to receptors on target cells

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22
Q

Neurosecretory cells

A

Specialized nerves in the brain that secrete neurohormones into the circulatory system

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23
Q

Three major classes of molecules that function as hormones

A

1) Polypeptides
2) Amines
3) Steroids

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24
Q

What two major classes of molecules that function as hormones are also water soluble?

A

1) Polypeptides

2) Amines

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25
Q

What major class of molecules that function as hormones are also lipid soluble?

A

Steroids

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26
Q

Water soluble hormones freely diffuse into what?

A

The blood

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27
Q

Water soluble hormones bind to what?

A

Signal receptor proteins in cell membranes

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28
Q

How do lipid soluble hormones enter the circulatory system?

A

Bound to transport proteins

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29
Q

Once in the circulatory system, how do lipid soluble hormones reach their target cells?

A

Freely diffusing through cell membranes

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30
Q

Hormones binding to membrane receptor proteins activate what?

A

Second-messengers within the cell

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31
Q

Second-messengers serve what purpose?

A

They are used in multiple reactions

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32
Q

Second-messenger activation amplifies what?

A

The hormone’s signal and activates kinases

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33
Q

Kinases

A

Molecules that regulate enzymes

34
Q

Steroids hormones (estrogen, testosterone) bind to proteins located where?

A

In the cytoplasm

35
Q

What happens after steroid hormones bind to proteins in the cytoplasm?

A

The hormone-receptor complex enters the cell nucleus and activates/inhibits transcription of specific genes

36
Q

Genetic code leaves the nucleus in what form?

A

Messenger RNA

37
Q

Ribosomes

A

Translate mRNA into polypeptides

38
Q

How do members of the same animal species sometimes communicate?

A

With pheremones

39
Q

Pheremones

A

Chemicals that are released into the environment

40
Q

Functions of pheremones

A

1) Marking trails leading to food
2) Defining territories
3) Warning of predators
4) Attracting potential mates

41
Q

The same hormones may have different effects on target cells that have different…

A

1) Receptors for the hormone
2) Signal pathways
3) Proteins for carrying out the response

42
Q

Can a hormone have different effects in different species?

A

Yes

43
Q

Epinephrine has multiple effects in mediating what?

A

The body’s response to short-term stress

44
Q

Epinephrine binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of what?

A

Liver cells

45
Q

Binding of epinephrine and liver cells triggers what?

A

The release of messenger molecules that activate enzymes and result in the release of glucose into the bloodstream

46
Q

Simple hormonal negative feedback loops

A

The product of the hormonal response has a negative effect on the stimulation of further hormone release

47
Q

Antagonistic hormones

A

Have opposite effects and forms a homeostatic system of negative feedback loops

48
Q

Insulin

A

Reduces blood glucose by promoting uptake of glucose by cells and production of glycogen by the liver

49
Q

Glucagon

A

Increases blood glucose by stimulating breakdown of glygogen to glucose

50
Q

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent)

A

Autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells

51
Q

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (non-insulin-dependent)

A

Involves insulin deficiency or reduced response of target cells due to change in insulin receptors

52
Q

Major endocrine glands

A

1) Hypothalamus
2) Pineal gland
3) Pituitary gland
4) Thyroid gland
5) Parathroid glands
6) Adrenal glands
7) Pancreas
8) Kidney
9) Ovaries
10) Testes (males)

53
Q

Organs containing endocrine cells

A

1) Thymus
2) Heart
3) Liver
4) Stomach
5) Kidney
6) Small intestine

54
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Receives information from the nervous system and initiates responses through the endocrine system

55
Q

What is attached to the hypothalamus?

A

Pituitary gland

56
Q

What two structures compose the pituitary gland?

A

1) Posterior pituitary

2) Anterior pituitary

57
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus

58
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

Makes and releases hormones under regulation of the hypothalamus

59
Q

Tropic hormones effect what?

A

The release of other hormones

60
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and has tropic and nontropic actions and diverse metabolic effects

61
Q

Growth hormone stimulates the production of what?

A

Growth factors

62
Q

What causes gigantism?

A

An excess of growth hormone

63
Q

What causes dwarfism?

A

Lack of growth hormone

64
Q

Hormone cascade pathway

A

A hormone can stimulate the release of a series of other hormones, the last of which activates a nonendocrine target cell

65
Q

Do hormone cascade pathways typically involve negative or positive feedback?

A

Negative feedback

66
Q

The release of thyroid hormone to increase metabolism results from what?

A

A hormone cascade pathway involve the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and thyroid gland

67
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Releases hormones that regulate the stress response

68
Q

Where is the adrenal gland located?

A

On top of the kidney’s

69
Q

Two glands that make up the adrenal gland

A

1) Adrenal medulla

2) Adrenal cortex

70
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Inner portion of adrenal gland

Rapid response

71
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Outer portion of adrenal gland

Long-term response

72
Q

Three sex hormones

A

1) Androgens
2) Estrogens
3) Progestrins

73
Q

Are all three sex hormones found in males, females, or both?

A

Found in both males and females, but in different proportions

74
Q

Testes primarily synthesize what sex hormones?

A

Androgens

Primarily testosterone

75
Q

Testosterone

A

Stimulates development and maintenance of the male reprodcutive system

76
Q

Estrogens

A

Responsible for maintenance of the female reproductive system and the development of female secondary sex characteristics

77
Q

What is the most important estrogen?

A

Estradiol

78
Q

Progestins serve what purpose in mammals?

A

Primarily involved in preparing and maintaining the uterus

79
Q

Pineal gland

A

Secretes melatonin

Located in the brain

80
Q

What controls the release of melatonin?

A

Light and dark cycles

81
Q

The primary functions of melatonin appear to relate to what?

A

Biological rhythms associated with reproduction

BIOL 172 (29 decks)

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