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BIOL 172 > Ch 34 Chordates - Reptiles > Flashcards

Ch 34 Chordates - Reptiles Flashcards

1
Q

Amniotes

A

Tetrapods that have an amniotic egg

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2
Q

Amniotic eggs provide what?

A

A self-contained aquatic environment for development

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3
Q

Amniotic eggs allowed what?

A

Tetrapods to become fully terrestrial

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4
Q

Amnion

A

Encloses the amniotic fluid

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5
Q

Purpose of the amnion

A

It cushions and buffers the embryo

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6
Q

Yolk

A

Nutrients for the embryo

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7
Q

Chorion

A

Outermost membrane

Permeable to O2 and CO2

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8
Q

Allantois

A

Respiratory membrane enclosing a storage space for metabolic waste

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9
Q

Shell

A

Porous, protective enclosure

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10
Q

Purpose of the shell

A

Reduces water loss

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11
Q

Living reptiles include what three groups?

A

1) Turtles
2) Lepidosaurs
3) Archosaurs

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12
Q

Reptile advantages

A

1) More developed lungs
2) More protective skin
3) High-pressure circulatory system
4) Water-conserving excretory system
5) More forceful jaws
6) More complex nervous systems

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13
Q

More developed lungs

A

1) More surface area that amphibian lungs

2) More efficiently filled

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14
Q

How are reptile lungs more efficiently filled?

A

By the creation of negative pressure in the thoracic cavity

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15
Q

More protective skin

A

Reptile skin is comprised of a basal layer and outer layer

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16
Q

Basal layer of reptile skin

A

Thick, padded dermis

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17
Q

Outer layer of reptile skin

A

Lipid containing, hydrophobic epidermis

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18
Q

Water-conserving excretory system

A

Excrete waste as a relatively non-toxic uric acid tat is voided without loss of water

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19
Q

More forceful jaws

A

Reptile jaws are more efficient in biting, crushing, and grinding

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20
Q

More complex nervous system

A

Enlarged cerebrum

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21
Q

Benefit of enlarged cerebrum

A

Supports advanced coordination and integration of sensory information

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22
Q

Turtle shells are composed of what two things?

A

1) Dorsal carapace

2) Ventral plaston

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23
Q

What covers the turtles shell?

A

An outer keratin layer over an inner layer of bone

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24
Q

Turtle feeding

A

Carnivores, herbivores, omnivores

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25
Q

Turtle reproduction

A

Internal fertilization and oviparity

26
Q

What is common in turtles and some reptiles?

A

Temperature dependent sex determination (TSD)

27
Q

What are living members of the lepidosaurs?

A

1) Lizards
2) Snakes (squamates)
3) Tuatara

28
Q

How many species of lepidosaurs (snakes and lizards) are there?

A

7200

29
Q

Lepidosaurs (snakes and lizards) posses what kind of skull?

A

Kinetic skull

30
Q

Kinetic skull

A

Joints in the front of the braincase and at several points

31
Q

Advantages of a kinetic skull

A

1) Increase gape

2) Ability to manipulate prey

32
Q

Are lepidosaurs (snakes and lizards) ectotherms or endotherms?

A

Ectotherms

33
Q

Do lepidosaurs reproduce by oviparity, ovoviviparity, or vivparity?

A

All three

34
Q

Are many herbivores herbivores?

A

No

35
Q

Amphisbaenians

A

A group of lizards that are highly specialized for burrowing (fossorial) life

36
Q

Anatomy of amphisbaenians

A

Mostly limbless

Have eyes and ears hidden beneath skin

37
Q

How many lungs did primitive snakes have?

A

Two

38
Q

How many lungs do advanced snakes have?

A

One

39
Q

How are the belly scales of snakes modified for locomotion?

A

They are expanded into an overlapping series of flexible plates

40
Q

Why is the kinetic skull of snakes considered a key innovation?

A

It allowed for consumption of very large prey items

41
Q

Two adaptations of snakes for feeding on large prey

A

1) Constriction

2) Envenomation

42
Q

What allows snakes to breath while swallowing prey?

A

The ability to protrude their trachea

43
Q

Vomeronasal organ

A

Senses environmental chemicals delivered by the forked tongue

Found in roof of mouth

44
Q

The two living species of tuatara comprise what?

A

The sister group of the lepidosaurs

45
Q

Tuataras have body forms very similar to what?

A

The body forms of their ancestors (as far back as 200 mya)

46
Q

Two groups included in the archosaurs

A

1) Crocodilians

2) Birds

47
Q

Archosaurs were once what?

A

Dominant terrestrial vertebrates

48
Q

What two evolutionary trends are seen in the archosaurs?

A

1) Large size

2) Bipedalism

49
Q

Bipedalism

A

Hind-leg walking

50
Q

Crocodilians

A

1) Alligators

2) Crocodiles

51
Q

How many species of crocodilians world-wide>

A

23

52
Q

Crocodilians have a complete secondary palate bone that serves what purpose?

A

It moves the internal nostrils to the back of the mouth

53
Q

What dinosaur group do modern birds belong to?

A

Saurischians

54
Q

What evolutionary trends in birds allowed for limited weight while maintaining strength?

A

Possessing many fused and reduced bones

55
Q

Unique characteristic of birds

A

Feathers

56
Q

Feathers

A

Modified scales

Molted periodically

57
Q

Are birds endothermic or exothermic?

A

Endothermic

58
Q

Unlike other reptiles, birds have what kind of heart?

A

Four-chambered

59
Q

A four-chambered heart completely separates what two structures?

A

The pulmonary and systemic circuits

60
Q

What is considered a key innovation in birds?

A

Flight

61
Q

The evolution of flight in birds lead to what?

A

Adaptive radiation

62
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

The divergence of a group into a species adapted to many ecological niches

BIOL 172 (29 decks)

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