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BIOL 172 > Ch 36-37 Plant Resource Acquisition and Nutrition > Flashcards

Ch 36-37 Plant Resource Acquisition and Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What does the success of plants depend on?

A

Their ability to gather and conserve resources from their environment

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2
Q

Adaptations in plants represent compromises between what?

A

Maximizing the rate of photosynthesis and minimizing water loss

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3
Q

Water potential

A

Combines the effects of solute concentrations and pressure

Mpa (megapascals)

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4
Q

What flows from regions of (1)____ to regions of (2)___

A

1) Higher water potential

2) Lower water potential

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5
Q

What is necessary for plants to acquire water from their roots?

A

They must have lower water potential than the soil

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6
Q

Solutes have a (1)___ effect on water potential by (2)___

A

1) Negative

2) Binding water molecules

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7
Q

Positive pressure has a (1)___ effect on water potential by (2)___

A

1) Positive

2) Pushing water

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8
Q

Solutes and positive pressure have ____ effects on water movement

A

Opposing

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9
Q

Negative pressure has a (1)___ effect on water potential by (2)___

A

1) Negative

2) Pulling water

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10
Q

Apoplast

A

Consists of everything external to the plasma membrane

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11
Q

Apoplastic route into the roots

A

The route around living cells

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12
Q

Symplast

A

Consists of the cytosol of the living cells in a plant

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13
Q

Symplastic route into the roots

A

The route through living cells

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14
Q

What blocks the end of the apoblastic route?

A

The waxy Casparian strip

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15
Q

Casparian strip

A

Water and minerals must cross into an endodermal cell to enter the vascular cylinder

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16
Q

What does the Casparian strip prevent?

A

1) Solutes from leaking out of the xylem

2) Toxic substances from getting in

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17
Q

Cohesion-tension hypothesis

A

States that transpiration and water cohesion pull water into the plant

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18
Q

Transpiration

A

Water loss from leaves

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19
Q

How much of the water a plant loses leaves the plant through the stomata?

A

~95%

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20
Q

Guard cells

A

Control the diameter of the stomata by changing shape

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21
Q

Soil water potential

A

-0.3 Mpa

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22
Q

Trunk xylem water potential (lower)

A

-0.6 Mpa

23
Q

Trunk xylem water potential (higher)

A

-0.8 Mpa

24
Q

Leaf water potential (cell walls)

A

-1.0 Mpa

25
Q

Leaf water potential (cell spaces)

A

-7.0 Mpa

26
Q

Outside air water potential

A

-100.0Mpa

27
Q

Phloem sap

A

An aqueous solution that is high in sucrose

28
Q

Phloem sap travels from (1)___ to (2)___

A

1) Sugar sources

2) Sugar sinks

29
Q

Sugar sources

A

An organ that is a net produced of sugar

30
Q

Sugar sink

A

An organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar

31
Q

How much of a plant’s fresh mass is water?

A

80% to 90%

32
Q

How much of plant’s dry mass is from CO2 assimilated during photosynthesis?

A

96%

33
Q

How much of a plant’s dry mass is inorganic substances from soil?

A

4%

34
Q

How many essential elements are required for plants?

A

17

35
Q

How many of the essential elements required by plants are macronutrients?

A

9

36
Q

How many of the essential elements required by plants are micronutrients?

A

8

37
Q

Macronutrients

A

Essential elements required in large amount

38
Q

Macronutrients of plants

A

1) Carbon
2) Oxygen
3) Hydrogen
4) Nitrogen
5) Phosphorus
6) Sulfur
7) Potassium
8) Calcium
9) Magnesium

39
Q

Micronutrients

A

Essential elements required in very small amounts

40
Q

Macronutrients function as what?

A

Cofactors

41
Q

Cofactors

A

Nonprotein helpers in enzymatic reactions

42
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Mutualistic associations of fungi and plant roots

43
Q

How does fungus benefit from mycorrhizae?

A

It receives a steady supply of sugar from the host plant

44
Q

How does the plant benefit from mycorrhizae?

A

It receives an increased surface area for water uptake and mineral absorption

45
Q

Mycorrhizal fungi secret (1)___ ___ that stimulate (2)___ ___ and (3)___

A

1) Growth factors
2) Root growth
3) Branching

46
Q

Ectomycorhizzae

A

The mycelium of the fungus covers the surface of the root

47
Q

What percentage of plants have ectomycorrhizae?

A

~10%

48
Q

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

A

Microscopic fungal hyphae extend into the root and push into root cell

49
Q

What percentage of plants have arbuscular mycorrhizae?

A

85%

50
Q

What is most often the most important limiting nutrient for plant growth?

A

Nitrogen

51
Q

How do plants absorb nitrogen?

A

As nitrate (NO3) or ammonium (NH4)

52
Q

How are soils depleted of nutrients?

A

As plants and the nutrients they contain are harvested

53
Q

What are most commercial fertilizers enriched with?

A

1) Nitrogen
2) Phosphorus
3) Potassium

BIOL 172 (29 decks)

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