Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 172 > Ch 41 Digestive System > Flashcards

Ch 41 Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Why is feeding necessary in animals?

A

To get organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do animals receive energy from feeding?

A

The bonds of organic molecules are broken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Essential nutritents

A

Molecules necessary for constuction of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Can essential nutrients be synthesized by animals?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Four classes of essential nutrients

A

1) Essential amino acids
2) Essential fatty acids
3) Vitamins
4) Minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many amino acids are needed by the human body?

A

20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many amino acids needed by the human body can be synthesized by the body?

A

12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many essential amino acids (amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the human body) are there?

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Complete proteins

A

Foods that contain all 8 essential amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Vitamin

A

A required organic compound that is not a carbohydrate, fat, protein, or mineral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Digestion

A

The reduction of food by mechanical and chemical means to simple, soluble molecules that can be absorbed and transported to the cells of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Alimentary system

A

The system involved in the acquisition of nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Five regionalized functions of the alimentary system

A

1) Ingestion
2) Conduction and storage
3) Grinding and preliminary digestion
4) Final digestion and absorption
5) Water absorption and concentration of waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two layers that compose the mammal tooth?

A

1) Enamel

2) Dentin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Enamel

A

Almost completely mineral

Hardest material in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Herbivores typically lack what kind of teeth?

A

Canines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Herbivores typically have what kind of teeth?

A

Premolars and molars formed into continuous ridged surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Monotremes and eutherian anteaters lack what?

A

All teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Whales in the suborder Mysticeti lack what?

A

All teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do whales in the suborder Mysticeti feed?

A

By filtering seawater through baleen plates composed of keratin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In addition to oral jaws, some fish have what?

A

Well-developed pharyngeal (throat) jaws used in the processing of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Gill rakers

A

Extentions of the gill arches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Gill rakers contribute to what?

A

The collection of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Gill rakers reflect what?

A

Feeding diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do simple multicellular animals digest food?

A

They combine functions of digestion in single cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How do sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms digest food?

A

Intracellular digestion

27
Q

Intracellular digestion

A

Food particles brought into cells by phagocytosis

28
Q

What is the site of extracellular digestion?

A

A gastrovascular cavity

29
Q

Crop

A

An expansion of the esophagus used to store food prior to digestion

30
Q

Gizzard

A

Grinds food

31
Q

What two structures are possessed by birds, insects, and earthworms that facilitate digestion?

A

1) Crop

2) Gizzard

32
Q

Gastric cecae

A

Sites of enzyme secretion, extracellular digestion, and absorption of nutrients in insects

33
Q

In insects, what serves primarily in water water absorption?

A

The hindgut portion of the intestine

34
Q

Salivary glands

A

Produce mucus secretions

Assist in swallowing and produce amylase

35
Q

Amylase

A

Enzyme that breaks carbohydrates into maltose

36
Q

Epiglottis

A

A valve in the pharynx that prevents food from entering the trachea

37
Q

What holds food in the stomach?

A

Muscular sphincters

38
Q

What happens to food while it is in the stomach?

A

It is subjected to mixing

39
Q

Gastric juices

A

Secreted by the stomach

Contain hydrochloric acids and pepsin

40
Q

Pepsin

A

Enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptides

41
Q

Gastric glands give rise to:

A

1) Gastric juices

2) Mucus (protects stomach from digestion)

42
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Precursor to pepsin

Changes configuration in response to acid

43
Q

Chyme

A

Partially digested food

44
Q

Chyme is released from the stomach into what?

A

The duodenum of the small intestine

45
Q

Pancreatic juice

A

Increases the pH

46
Q

Pancreatic juice includes what?

A

Proteases

47
Q

Proteases

A

Enzymes that split proteins

48
Q

Bile

A

Separate fat into tiny droplets that can be broken down by lipases

49
Q

Bile is produced where?

A

Liver

50
Q

Bile is released by what?

A

Gallbladder

51
Q

Primary function of small intestine

A

Absorption of nutrients

52
Q

Villi

A

Finger-like projections of the intestinal epithelium

53
Q

Microvilli

A

Finger-like projections of the epithelial cells

54
Q

How much do villi and microvilli increase the surface area of the small intestine?

A

1000 times

55
Q

In the small intestine, what diffuses into the epithelial cells?

A

1) Amino acids
2) SImple sugars (glucose, fructose)
3) Monoglycerides

56
Q

What happens after molecules are absorbed into the epithelium of the small intestine?

A

The molecules are then passed to the blood stream

57
Q

Large intestine

A

Consolidates the indigestible remnants of digestion by reabsorption of water for form feces

58
Q

The large intestine houses what?

A

Many bacteria

59
Q

Bacteria in the large intestine can synthesize what vitamins?

A

1) Vitamin K

2) B vitamins

60
Q

Cellulase

A

Enzyme that digest cellulose (sugar of plant cells)

61
Q

Do any mulicellular animals produce cellulase?

A

No

62
Q

Fermentation

A

Process by which many vertebrate herbivores use microorganisms that produce cellulase to digest cellulose

63
Q

Foregut fermenters

A

Cows, sheep, hippos

Chew vegetation repeatedly, as it is passed back and forth between the fermentation chamber and the mouth

64
Q

Hindgut fermenters

A

Horses, koalas, pigs

BIOL 172 (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions