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Clinical Chemistry > Carbohydrates IntroductionHormonal > Flashcards

Carbohydrates IntroductionHormonal Flashcards

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1
Q

Hormone that lowers plasma glucose levels

A

Insulin (Hypoglycemic agent)

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2
Q

Main function of insulin

A

Primary hormone responsible for lowering blood glucose

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3
Q

Where is insulin synthesized?

A

Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans (pancreas)

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4
Q

How does insulin regulate blood glucose?

A

By increasing glycogenesis, glycolysis, and lipogenesis, and decreasing glycogenolysis

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5
Q

Insulin’s relationship with glucagon

A

Reciprocal relationship

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6
Q

Hormone that increases blood glucose levels

A

Glucagon (Hyperglycemic agent)

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7
Q

Where is glucagon synthesized?

A

Alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans (pancreas)

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8
Q

How does glucagon regulate blood glucose?

A

By increasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

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9
Q

When is glucagon released?

A

During stress and fasting states

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10
Q

Hormone released in response to ACTH and stress, and increases blood glucose

A

Epinephrine (Hyperglycemic agent)

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11
Q

Where is epinephrine produced?

A

Adrenal medulla

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12
Q

Effects of epinephrine on insulin and glucose metabolism

A

Inhibits insulin secretion, increases glycogenolysis and lipolysis

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13
Q

Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that increases plasma glucose

A

Cortisol (Hyperglycemic agent)

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14
Q

Effects of cortisol on glucose metabolism

A

Decreases interstitial entry of glucose into the cell, increases gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and lipolysis

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15
Q

Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that increases plasma glucose

A

Growth hormone (Hyperglycemic agent)

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16
Q

Effects of growth hormone on glucose metabolism

A

Decreases glucose entry to cells and increases glycolysis

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17
Q

Hormone produced by the thyroid gland that increases plasma glucose

A

Thyroxine (T4) (Hyperglycemic agent)

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18
Q

Function of T4 in glucose metabolism

A

Increases glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glucose intestinal absorption

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19
Q

Hormone produced by the delta cells of the pancreas and hypothalamus that increases plasma glucose

A

Somatostatin (Hyperglycemic agent)

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20
Q

Effects of somatostatin on glucose metabolism

A

Increases plasma glucose by inhibiting insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, etc.

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21
Q

Hormone responsible for lowering blood glucose levels

A

Insulin

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22
Q

Primary hormone responsible for increasing blood glucose levels

A

Glucagon

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23
Q

Hormone that regulates blood glucose by promoting glycogenesis, glycolysis, and lipogenesis, and inhibiting glycogenolysis

A

Insulin

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24
Q

Hormone that promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to increase blood glucose levels

A

Glucagon

25
Q

Hormone released during stress and fasting states to increase blood glucose

A

Glucagon

26
Q

Hormone produced by the adrenal medulla in response to ACTH to increase blood glucose

A

Epinephrine

27
Q

Hormone released during physical and emotional stress, inhibits insulin secretion and promotes glycogenolysis and lipolysis

A

Epinephrine

28
Q

Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that increases plasma glucose by promoting gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and lipolysis

A

Cortisol

29
Q

Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that increases plasma glucose by inhibiting glucose entry into cells and promoting glycolysis

A

Growth hormone

30
Q

Hormone produced by the thyroid gland that increases plasma glucose by promoting glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glucose intestinal absorption

A

Thyroxine (T4)

31
Q

Hormone with 4 iodine molecules that increases plasma glucose levels

A

Thyroxine (T4)

32
Q

Hormone produced by the delta cells of the islets of Langerhans and hypothalamus that inhibits insulin, glucagon, and GH, increasing plasma glucose

A

Somatostatin

33
Q

Glucose undergoes cellular uptake to form glycogen via

A

Glycogenesis

34
Q

Glycogen is converted to G6PO4 for breakdown to energy via

A

Glycolysis

35
Q

Glycolysis produces Pyruvate, which in the presence of oxygen forms

A

Acetyl CoA

36
Q

Acetyl CoA enters the TCA cycle (Krebs cycle) to produce energy in the form of

A

ATP

37
Q

Acetyl CoA can be converted into fatty acids and glycerol to form

A

TAG (Triacylglycerol)

38
Q

TAG undergoes lipolysis to release fatty acids which are converted back into Acetyl CoA and enter

A

TCA cycle

39
Q

Glucose enters the cell and is converted to

A

Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)

40
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to

A

Glycogen (via Glycogenesis)

41
Q

Glycogen is broken down into glucose-6-phosphate by

A

Glycogenolysis

42
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to pyruvate through

A

Glycolysis

43
Q

Pyruvate in the presence of oxygen is converted to

A

Acetyl CoA

44
Q

Acetyl CoA enters the

A

TCA cycle (Krebs cycle)

45
Q

The TCA cycle produces

A

ATP, NADH, and FADH2

46
Q

Acetyl CoA can also be used for

A

Fatty acid synthesis

47
Q

Fatty acids and glycerol form

A

TAG (Triacylglycerol)

48
Q

TAG undergoes lipolysis to release

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

49
Q

Fatty acids are converted to

A

Acetyl CoA for entry into TCA cycle

50
Q

Insulin promotes

A

Cellular uptake of glucose, lipogenesis, glycolysis, glycogenesis

51
Q

Insulin inhibits

A

Gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis

52
Q

Glucagon promotes

A

Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

53
Q

Somatostatin regulates

A

Paracrine regulation of insulin and glucagon

54
Q

Cortisol promotes

A

Gluconeogenesis, lipolysis

55
Q

Epinephrine promotes

A

Glycogenolysis, lipolysis

56
Q

ACTH stimulates

A

Cortisol secretion, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

57
Q

Growth hormone (GH) prevents

A

Cellular uptake of glucose, glycolysis

58
Q

Thyroxine promotes

A

Intestinal absorption of glucose, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

59
Q

HPL (Human placental lactogen) is homologous to

A

Growth hormone; implicated in gestational diabetes

Clinical Chemistry (12 decks)

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