Book 29 Ch 1 - Ventilation Techniques Flashcards
Ventilation is the “___________” removal of heat, smoke, and fire gases from a structure, and replacing it with cooler, clean, fresh _____
Systematic
Air
Effective ventilation will accomplish __ main objectives.
4
Effective ventilation will accomplish four main objectives:
1. ________ _______
- Save lives
Effective ventilation will accomplish four main objectives:
2. ____________________
- Assist in firefighter access
Effective ventilation will accomplish four main objectives:
3. ________________________________
- Control the horizontal spread of fire.
Effective ventilation will accomplish four main objectives:
4. ___________________________________
- Reduce the possibility of flashover and backdraft.
Proper ventilation will save lives by simplifying and expediting ________ operations
Rescue
A properly placed ventilation hole aids in the removal of super-heated ________ and fire ________ from the building, which in turn permits firefighters to safely and more rapidly locate and extinguish the fire
Smoke
Gasses
Ventilation will also reduce the chance of ________ burns to firefighters from their hose stream
Steam
If the heat, smoke, and fire gases are not released, they will accumulate at the highest point of the structure and begin to bank down and spread laterally, a process generally known as _______________
MUSHROOMING
_______ ventilation, when used in conjunction with an offensive ventilation hole (heat hole), can help stop the horizontal spread of fire
Strip
__________ is a condition where all of the contents of a room are heated to their ignition temperature
Flashover
Each year in the United States, there is an average of ____ deaths to firefighters in the fire service. On an average, ___ of those deaths are due to flashover, and the number is slowly rising each year
100
85
___________ - In a confined area, if the structure’s contents reach their ignition temperature and there is not sufficient oxygen to support combustion, a very dangerous condition exists all that is needed is an air (oxygen) supply to explosively change the superheated area into an instant inferno
BACKDRAFT
Backdraft is NOT limited to large commercial structures. Under the right conditions, any ____________ area can result in a backdraft
Confined
___________ ventilation is the systematic removal of heat, smoke, and fire gases through wall openings such as doors and windows
Horizontal
With horizontal ventilation, there are two methods usually performed, which are __________ and __________ pressure ventilation
Natural & Positive
__________ ventilation is easily done by opening doors and windows and allowing the wind to ventilate the building
Natural
__________ pressure ventilation is a method of forcing clean, fresh, pressurized air into a structure with blowers
Positive
In order to properly and safely open a roof, you must have a good working knowledge of building ______________
Construction
The key to safe and effective roof ventilation is the knowledge of rafter ______ and rafter _________
Type
Direction
With older conventional construction, rafters are made from _______ pieces of lumber
Solid
With conventional construction, if time and safety permits, the roof team “______” cut the heat hole directly over the fire
WILL
When operating on a _____________ truss roof (or suspected _____________ truss), the ventilation team shall never conduct ventilation operations directly over the fire
Lightweight
Rafter direction is important to know because we usually cut 1” x 4” and 1” x 6” sheathing ________ to rafters
Parallel
On roofs sheathed with plywood, the
“Head Cut” is made ____________ to rafters
Perpendicular
There are basically only __ types of ventilation holes:
2
There are basically only TWO (2) types of ventilation holes:
1. ______ ______ (Offensive)
- Heat Hole (Offensive)
There are basically only TWO (2) types of ventilation holes:
2. ______ __________ (Defensive)
- Strip Ventilation (Defensive)
When operating on any lightweight roof, or suspected lightweight roof (panelized or lightweight truss), the ventilation team shall never conduct ____________ operations directly over the fire
VENTILATION
A strip ventilation hole should be placed well ahead of the fire, and the strip ventilation hole should extend the entire ________ of the building, creating a firebreak
Width
The ______ hole must be accomplished first, which will slow down the horizontal spread of fire and allow the entire strip to be completed before the fire reaches the strip ventilation hole
Heat
Center rafter cut is a technique used when cutting plywood sheathing (__ cuts)
4
_________ is the material used to comprise the base and exterior covering for the roof
Decking
Plywood sheathing is installed so that the 8’ dimension of the plywood ________ the rafters or joists and the 4’ dimension ________ the rafters or joists
Crosses
Parallels
________ is a technique used to cut 1” x 4” or 1” x 6” solid, spaced, or diagonally sheathed roofs, cuts are made parallel to rafters
Dicing
__” clips are metal clips used to hold the butted ends of plywood together; common on pitched roofs
H
A head cut is a cut made through the roof decking that is made ______________ to rafters
Perpendicular
The “__” hook motion brings the pulling tool under and up to the decking in a smooth, forceful motion that will separate the decking materials from the rafters
J
A _______ cut is a single cut made through the roof decking, the same width as the chain saw blade
Kerf
Ground ladders should be thrown to the ____________ corners of the structure
Uninvolved
For roof ventilation, a “MINIMUM” of __ ladders should be thrown to the involved structure
2
Nailing blocks are usually made from a __” x __” laid _____ between rafters to provide a nailing surface for the edge of the plywood sheathing
2”x4”
Flat
Since the plywood normally used is 4’ x 8’ in size, a nailing block will usually be found every __ feet
4
A ______ cut is a small triangular piece of roof covering (composition), which is removed from the roof to expose the roof sheathing and roof composition thickness.
Plug
Under fire conditions, plywood burns at a quicker rate than solid wood sheathing and plywood ____________
Delaminates
A ________ cut is a light cut of the roof covering, usually composition out, used to facilitate the removal of multiple layers of roofing material (composition).
Scores
A ______ cut is a light cut made with the chain saw, cutting through the roof covering and plywood sheathing, but not deep enough to cut through the rafters
Skim
Skylights - On commercial buildings, they will be placed over ____________ areas
Manufacturing
A _______ __________ hole is a small triangular hole cut through the roof decking (sheathing and roofing material) made with the chain saw or an axe
Smoke Indicator
Smoke indicator holes should be placed along the path of access or egress every few _______
Yards
Smoke indicator holes can be placed on roofs of buildings attached to fire buildings to indicate interior ___________
Exposure
Sounding utilizes a long-handled tool (____________/____________) used to hit the roof
Rubbish Hook/Pike Pole
If ventilators are working correctly, leave them alone. A turbine-style ventilator is about ___% more effective when the turbine is spinning
30
Strip ventilation is usually performed across the width of the roof, from ________ to ________
Parapet to parapet
Vent pipes can be constructed from _____ plastic, _____ iron, or _____ pipe
ABS
Cast
Steel
If vent pipes appear to be __________ out of the roof, this should be an indication that the roof has sagged or dropped. This condition is known as “__________ vent pipes.”
Growing
Growing
A ___-______ cut is a series of __ cuts used to identify rafter direction “ONLY.”
45-degree
2
___-degree cut - When you hit a rafter, “_______.” Make a second cut ________ or ___________ to the exterior wall
45
STOP
Parallel or Perpendicular
45-degree inspection cut will tell you:
1. _____________
2. _____________
3. _____________
4. _____________
- Rafter Type
- Rafter Direction
- Thickness of your Comp
- Act as Smoke Indicator Hole
A 45-degree cut will ensure the saw will intersect a structural member. When the saw makes contact with a rafter, roll over the rafter and continue the cut for approximately __ to
___ inches
6 to 10
Dicing has many advantages: The roof team can work simultaneously. After the chain saw operator makes the ___ cut, the puller can start pulling boards, and the chain saw operator can continue cutting the roof
3rd
The length of the dice cut is determined by the ________ of the tool being used to pull the sheathing (pick-head axe, rubbish hook)
Reach
The chain saw operator should be aware of rafter spacing; “Do Not” ______ two rafters
Span
Always leave a minimum of __ un-pulled section between the cutter and the puller
1
CENTER RAFTER LOUVER - you must determine the location of __ rafters
3
CENTER RAFTER LOUVER - Move back to the first “outside” rafter and cut a parallel cut approximately __ to __ inches inside the rafter
2 to 3
EXPANDED CENTER RAFTER LOUVER AGAINST CONSTRUCTION: Make parallel cut (side cut) approximately ____ feet long
3-½
Cut __ to __ inches inside of the purlins to avoid hitting metal hangers
4 to 6
LOUVER OFF A LAM-BEAM / MAIN BEAM is a ____________ cut
DEFENSIVE
PULL BACK METHOD is a _____________ cut
Offensive
While standing on a lam-beam, reach out approximately ____ feet, and make first cut parallel to rafters from purlin to purlin
3-½
LOUVER OFF A LAM-BEAM / MAIN BEAM - Because of work area limitations (standing on a lam-beam), cutter and puller exchange _______
Tools
LOUVER OFF A PURLIN is a ____________cut
DEFENSIVE
While standing on a purlin, start “______ cut.” Reach out as far as you comfortably can, approximately ____ feet
Skim
3-½
CENTER RAFTER LOUVER - When you are over the ventilation area, make a head cut to locate a minimum of __ rafters.
3
Proper ventilation will save lives by?
simplifying and expediting rescue operations
Ventilation does NOT put out fires. However, e ffective ventilation _______________ assists in the attack, control, and extinguishment of a structure fire.
DRAMATICALLY
In order to safely and effectively cut a roof, you must know?
How its built
________ ________provides the largest hole possible with the minimum amount of cuts
Center Rafter
Dicing is a technique used to cut 1” x 4” or 1” x 6” solid, spaced, or _____________ sheathed roofs. Dice cuts are made parallel to rafters with no concern to locating rafters
Diagonally
The integrity of ______ & ______ must be evaluated for safe operations.
Roof
Floors
Smoke indicator shall be place how far apart?
Few yards
