Anatomy II - Endocrine Lab List

Question 1

Pineal Gland

Answer 1

Location: In the brain, near the center (epithalamus)
Function: Produces melatonin; regulates sleep-wake cycles.

Question 2

Thymus

Answer 2

Location: Behind the sternum, in front of the heart
Function: Produces T-cells for immune system; important in childhood.

Question 3

Adrenal Gland

Answer 3

Location: On top of each kidney

Function
Cortex: Produces cortisol (stress response), aldosterone (salt balance), and androgens.
Medulla: Produces adrenaline (fight or flight).

Question 4

Pancreas

Answer 4

Location: Behind the stomach

Function
Endocrine: Regulates blood sugar (insulin and glucagon).
Exocrine: Produces digestive enzymes.

Question 5

Ovaries

Answer 5

Location: In the female pelvis, on either side of the uterus
Function: Produces eggs and hormones (estrogen and progesterone) for reproduction.

Question 6

Testes

Answer 6

Location: In the male scrotum
Function: Produces sperm and testosterone for male reproduction.

Question 7

Hypothalamus and Pituitary

Answer 7

Location: Hypothalamus is in the brain (below thalamus); pituitary is beneath it, in the sella turcica of the skull

Function: Hypothalamus controls pituitary, which regulates other glands (master gland).

Question 8

Sella Turcica (Sphenoid Bone)

Answer 8

Location: In the skull, part of the sphenoid bone
Function: Houses the pituitary gland.

Question 9

Infundibulum

Answer 9

Location: Front part of the pituitary gland
Function: Produces hormones like growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and others.

Question 10

Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)

Answer 10

Location: Front part of the pituitary gland
Function: Produces hormones like growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and others.

Question 11

Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)

Answer 11

Location: Back part of the pituitary gland
Function: Stores and releases hormones (oxytocin, vasopressin) produced by the hypothalamus.

Question 12

Thyroid and Parathyroid

Answer 12

Location: Thyroid is in the neck; parathyroids are on the back of the thyroid

Function:
Thyroid: Produces thyroid hormones (T3, T4) for metabolism and calcitonin for calcium balance.
Parathyroid: Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH) to raise blood calcium levels.

Question 13

Hypothalamic Capillary Bed & Portal Veins

Answer 13

Location: In the brain, connecting the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
Function: Carries hormones from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary.

Question 14

Right and Left Lobes (Thyroid)

Answer 14

Location: On either side of the trachea, in the neck
Function: Houses thyroid follicles that produce thyroid hormones.

Question 15

Isthmus (Thyroid)

Answer 15

Location: The bridge between the right and left thyroid lobes
Function: Connects both lobes of the thyroid.

Question 16

Thyroid Follicles: Follicle Cells, Parafollicular Cells, Colloid

Answer 16

Location: Inside the thyroid gland

Function
Follicle Cells: Produce thyroid hormones.
Parafollicular Cells: Produce calcitonin.
Colloid: Stores thyroid hormones.

Question 17

Parathyroid Gland

Answer 17

Location: On the back of the thyroid gland
Function: Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH) to regulate calcium levels.

Question 18

Adrenal Cortex

Answer 18

Location: Outer layer of the adrenal gland
Function: Produces cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens.

Question 19

Adrenal Medulla

Answer 19

Location: Inner part of the adrenal gland
Function: Produces adrenaline (epinephrine) and norepinephrine (fight or flight).

Question 20

Cortex Zones: Glomerulosa, Fasciculata, Reticularis (Adrenal Cortex)

Answer 20

Location: Layers of the adrenal cortex

Function
Zona Glomerulosa: Produces aldosterone (salt balance).
Zona Fasciculata: Produces cortisol (stress regulation).
Zona Reticularis: Produces androgens (male and female sex hormones).

Question 21

Pancreatic Islet: Alpha Cells, Beta Cells, Delta Cells

Answer 21

Location: In the pancreas

Function
Alpha Cells: Produce glucagon (raises blood sugar).
Beta Cells: Produce insulin (lowers blood sugar).
Delta Cells: Produce somatostatin (regulates growth hormone).

Question 22

Head of the Pancreas

Answer 22

Location: Located near the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine).
Function: It is the site where the pancreas is closest to the digestive tract and where enzymes are secreted into the duodenum.

Question 23

Body and Tail of the Pancreas

Answer 23

Location
Body: The middle section of the pancreas, extending across the abdomen.
Tail: The narrow end of the pancreas, near the spleen.

Function
Body & Tail: Contain pancreatic islets (clusters of endocrine cells) that regulate blood sugar by producing insulin and glucagon, and also involved in producing digestive enzymes (exocrine function).