1.4.3 Skull, Cranial Cavity, and Suboccipital Region

Question 1

ID these dural sinuses

Answer 1

Question 2

ID this bone and its key features

Answer 2

Question 3

ID this area and what sits in it

Answer 3

Sella Turcica; Pituitary gland

Question 4

Under pathological conditions an increase intracranial pressure above (or decreased pressure below) which structure can lead to herniation of the brain?

Answer 4

Tentorium cerebelli

Question 5

Answer 5

Question 6

Answer 6

Question 7

Results from a tear in an artery located within the periosteal layer of the dura mater that supplies the bone (ex. middle meningeal artery). Blood accumulates in the epidural space b/t dura and bone`

Answer 7

Epidural hemorrhage

Question 8

If a fracture occurs along these red lines, what are their classifications?

Answer 8

Question 9

What type of hemorrhage is often produced by HTN and results in paralytic strokes?

Answer 9

Intracerebral hemorrhage

Question 10

Which joint is responsible for the “yes” head movement? Which joint for the “no” head movement?

Answer 10

Yes: Atlanto-occipital joint

No: Atlantoaxial joint

Question 12

What is the term for the breakage of the posterior arch of the axis?

Answer 12

“Hangman’s’ Fracture

Question 13

What are the 3 layers of the cranial meninges and their characteristics?

Answer 13

Dura mater- tough connective tissue

Arachnoid mater - cobweb-like connective tissue

Pia mater - covers the brain surface: according to the “gross anatomy” definition it is the “vascular layer” that covers the external brain surface

Question 14

What passes through the foramen magnum of the occipital bone?

Answer 14

Medulla oblongata, spinal roots of CN XI, two vertebral arteries, one anterior and two posterior spinal ateries, plus meninges

Question 15

Hypertrophy of the arachnoid villi resulting in ___ which may form pits on the inner table of the cranial bones along the superior sagittal sinus

Answer 15

Arachnoid granulations

Question 16

ID

Answer 16

Question 17

What produces 60% of the CSF?

Answer 17

Choroid plexus within the lateral ventricles

Question 18

ID meningeal arteries

Answer 18

Bottom: Middle meningeal artery

Top: anterior branch

Question 19

Answer 19

Question 20

What can be torn due to hyperextension of the neck, often caused by sudden forward acceleration of the body (i.e. getting rear ended)?

Answer 20

Anterior longitudinal ligament; anterior neck muscles are stretched +/or torn

Question 21

Which part of the temporal bone?

Answer 21

Petrous

Question 22

What is the term for sites of fibrous sutures where several bones meet?

Answer 22

Fontanelles

Question 23

ID this cranial bone and some of its key landmarks

Answer 23

Question 24

Results from a tear in a vessel located “deep to” the dura yet outside the arachnoid layer. Blood accumulates b/t the dura and arachnoid layer

Answer 24

Subdural hemorrhage

Question 25

Term: combination of the pia and arachnoid meninges. When a brain is removed from the skull the ____ with some cerebral blood vessels cover the brain.

Answer 25

Leptomeninges

Question 26

What type of craniosynostosis results from early closure of the sagittal suture? early closure of the coronal suture?

Answer 26

Sagittal: Scaphocephaly

Coronal: Oxycephaly or Turricephaly

Question 27

ID these features of the sphenoid

Answer 27

Question 28

What types of ossification contribute to skull development?

Answer 28

Both intramembranous and endochondral

Question 29

Typically due to rupture of an aneurysm as arteries pass within the subarachnoid space. This produces blood within the CSF and causes severe headache, stiff neck, and often LOC.

Answer 29

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Question 30

Answer 30

Question 31

Identify 25, 6, 24, 20, 2, and 4

Answer 31

25: super ciliary arch
6: gabella - smooth area b/t super ciliary arches
24: Supraorbital notch (passage of supraorbital nerve and artery)
20: nasion - medial junction of frontal and nasal bones

2: Coronal suture - b/t frontal and parietal bones (not from this picture)

4: supratrochlear notch

Question 32

When does the anterior fontanelle close? Posterior fontanelle?

Answer 32

Anterior: 18-24 months; becomes the bregma

Posterior: 9 months; becomes lambda

Time of closure determines head shape

Question 33

Answer 33

Question 34

Which layers of the meninges participate in this fold? What is the name of the fold?

Answer 34

all 3 layers of the meninges, falx cerebri

Question 35

What muscle flexes the atlanto-occipital joint?

Answer 35

Rectus capitis anterior

Question 36

Answer 36

Question 37

Answer 37

Question 38

What part of the occipital bone articulates with the atlas?

Answer 38

Occipital condyles

Question 39

What is the term for premature closure of the sagittal, lambdoind, and coronal sutures leading to deformities of the head which inhibit proper brain development?

Answer 39

Craniosynostosis

Question 40

ID this bone and its features

Answer 40