3.2.3 Normal Brain and Behavioral Development Flashcards
What are some of the stages of language development and when do they occur throughout early life?
What are some examples of neural plasticity changes in behavior?
Early language exposure and language discrimination
Music & the hemisphere specialization shift
Depression & recall bias
Dopamine and smoking cessation
Describe the 3 NT systems at play in the brain
Which brain structures are activated in LTM?
Activate cortical and subcortical temporal lobe structures : medial thalamus, mammillary bodies of hypothalamus
What are the attributes of focused attention?
Searching for specific information (e.g., “Reike Auditorium”)
Modality specific (e.g., auditory vs visual)
Can be affected by arousal
What is occuring in the human brain at these times of development:
~50 days, ~100 days, ~7 months, 9 months?
50 days “Begins” to look human
100 days: Looks “distinctly human”
~7 months: Emergence of gyri & sulci
9 months: Gross appearance of adult human brain
What % of brain volume is present at birth? By 5 yrs?
At birth: 10% of volume
5 yrs: 90% of volume
Name this theory: Interaction of genetic, biological and environmental factors important for cognitive development
Transactional model
What is the information-processing model? (As it relates to memory)
What are the three regions of the limbic system and what do they control?
Amygdala: fear and anger; some interpretation of emotional experience
Hippocampus: long-term memory, place memory, explicit memory
Cingulate cortex: some contribution to memory, navigation in space; generalized area - contributes to cognition, emotion and movement
What is sustained attention? Give examples of condition in which sustained attention is affected
Maintaining focus on specific information throughout a behavior;
CPT (continuous performance task) and ADHD
What are the two principle components of long term memory? What anatomy is associated with these two principle components?
For extra bonus knowledge points (that may or may not equate to actual points on the exam), what are some types of memory associated with those principle components?
H-change in sensitivity
S-more attention
A-driving car - don’t think about it
P-tying your shoes
S-Facts, figures and knowledge
E-remembering an event
What are some of the basic emotions?
Inferred from facial expression
Happiness
Interest
Surprise
Fear
Sadness
Anger
Disgust
Become more reliable, pronounced and sophisticated across neonatal development
What areas of the CNS are involved in non-conscious, non-focal attention?
What is the sensory memory of the auditory system?
Echoic memory
What type of attention: Resisting distraction by non-target information?
Selective attention
What is short term/working memory? Capacity? Duration? Principle components? Anatomy?
What acts as the main system for social cognition, facial recognition, and affiliation (theory of mind)?
Limbic system
What type of attention: Switching between sets of information (E.g., Trails B Test = 1-A, 2-B, 3-C)?
Alternating attention/mental flexability
What anatomy is associated with short term memory?
Prefrontal cortex (PFC)
What areas of the brain are involved in conscious, focal attention?
At which day of development does the neural plate emerge? At which day of development does the neural groove begin to form the neural tube?
Day 21: Neural plate emerges
Day 21-23: Neural tube
Term for reliance on another to determine emotional response
Social referencing
By what time period are most neurons formed?
2nd trimester (over-produced then undergo apoptosis)
What is sensory memory? Its capacity? Duration? Principle components? Anatomy?
What NTs are involved in explicit memory?
Ach, serotonin, NE (noradrenaline)
When is most of myelination and modification of anatomical structures in the brain complete?
7 yrs
What is the sensory memory of the visual system?
Iconic memory
The hippocampus is a key structure for what type of memory?
LTM
Mental function that regulates the flow of information
Attention
What explains the rapid development of language b/t 15 and 24 months?
Maturation of Brocha’s and Wernicke’s area
What is the term for the capacity of the brain to change (connections) in response to activity and experience (e.g., behavior and experience)?
Brain plasticity
What type of attention: Processing two sources of information simultaneously under multiple demands?
Divided attention
What are the two main NTs implicated in attention?
NE and DA (dopamine/dopaminergic)
What are some of the higher-order emotions that begin to play out at 18-24 months of age?
More cognitive in nature; involve sense of self
- Shame
- Embarrassment
- Guilt
- Envy
- Pride
Demonstrates cultural variation
How does sustained attention span mature throughout development?
What are the 7 processes involved in neuronal development?
What are the four core psychological faculties?
Attention
Memory
Language
Emotion
What NTs are involved with implicit memory?
DA
