1.2.3 Neurodevelopment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is occuring during neurulation

A

The neural plate changes and neural folds develop at the lateral margins. The neural folds begin moving toward each other, forming the neural groove on the dorsal surface of the embryo. Eventually the neural plate cells pinch off to form the neural tube

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2
Q

What do the targets of neurons produce in order to influence development?

A

Trophic factors

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3
Q

Where is the alar plate? What is its function?

A

Dorsal; sensory

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4
Q

What is being shown in these radiolabeled images?

A

Synapse elimination

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5
Q

What is useful in reducing the number of cases of spina bifida?

A

Folic acid supplementation

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6
Q

As regional brain development continues, what does the mesencephalon (midbrain) go on to form?

A

cerebral aqueduct

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7
Q

Describe the closure process of the neural folds that end up forming the neural tube

A

The apposition of the neural folds to become the neural tube occurs first in the middle of the embryo and extends rostrally and caudally. The rostral and caudal neuropores are openings at each end of the developing neural tube

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8
Q

What fails to occur in spina bifida?

A

Failure of the caudal neuropore to close

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9
Q

How does the spinal cord mature during development?

A

As post-mitotic neurons leave the proliferative zone, the mantle layer layer increases in size. This region will become the gray matter of the spinal cord (dorsal and ventral horns).

The outermost layer of the spinal cord (white matter) is composed of the axons of local neurons within the gray matter as well as axons from neurons carrying ascending and descending information.

The ventricular zone (proliferative zone; labeled matrix layer here) eventually shrinks in size as proliferation ceases. This region becomes the innermost ependymal layer that lines the central canal of the spinal cord.

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10
Q

As regional brain development continues, what does the proencephalon (forebrain) go on to form?

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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11
Q

What is the basal plate? What is its function?

A

Ventral; motor

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12
Q

The embryonic ectoderm thickens to form what during induction?

A

The neural plate

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13
Q

What is the role of the radial glia cell?

A

It helps guides newly produced neurons from the ventricular zone to the surface of the cerebral cortex.

Once a neuron is “born” in the ventricular zone, it often must migrate over some distance to reach its final destination in the developing brain. Neurons use chemical cues, contact with other neurons or glial cells, and other physical aspects of potential pathways to guide their migration. The formation of correct connections between groups of neurons also requires precision; not only must the correct groups of neurons connect, but synapses must often be made only on specific cell types within a target zone or on specific regions of the recipient neuron (e.g. dendrites vs. neuronal soma). In some instances, neurons make connections early in development, when targets are in close proximity, and “reel out” processes as growth of surrounding structures pushes them apart. In other instances, neurons use chemical or physical cues to grow to a target and synapse on the correct postsynaptic partner. Pathways in which a known pattern of topographic connections are normally made, such as the projection of retinal ganglion cells onto central visual targets, are often chosen as model systems to study the factors involved in synapse formation. For example, electrical activity in afferent fibers has been shown to be important in making correct connections, especially in sensory systems. Although most connections within the CNS are made during development, modification of connections, or synaptic plasticity, can occur following damage to a particular projection or in the course of “learning”.

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14
Q

When does neurodevelopment begin?

A

As early as three weeks post conception (usually before the mother knows that she is pregnant)

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15
Q

As regional brain development continues, what does the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) go on to form?

A

cerebellum, pons and medulla

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16
Q

What is being shown in these golgi silver stains?

A

Maturation of cellular architecture and connectivity

17
Q

What are the cellular derivatives of the neural crest?

A

Cell Types - Sensory neuron, adrenergic neurons, cholinergic neurons, melanocyte, chromaffin cells

Derivatives – glial cells, melanocytes, gut neurons, retina, dorsal aorta, chain ganglia, head bones, chromaffin cells, pia and arachnoid

18
Q

What is a neuronal “birthday”?

A

The time of the last cell division of a neuron

19
Q

Once a neuron has had its neuronal birthday, what layer of the neural tube does it leave? Where does it go?

A

It leaves the ventricular layer and comes to rest in the mantle (intermediate) zone

20
Q

Where are the neural crest cells located and how do they migrate?

A

Located on the most dorsal side and migrate out ventrally

21
Q

Describe how neurons are produced to reach/sustain the target size of the organism

A

Neurons are produced in excess; some die to match the target size

22
Q

What does the zika virus target?

A

Developing neurons - resulting in anencephaly in affected infants

Adults: Targets newly generated neurons (hippocampus and subventricular zone)

23
Q

What are the four ways in which neural connections are made after the neurons have been produced?

A

Neuronal migration, trophic factors, synapse elimination (plasticity), maturation of neuronal connections

24
Q
A
25
Q

What are the two different stages of early neural tube specialization (vesicle stages)?

A

At 4 wks: 3-vesicle stage

At 5 wks: 5-vesicle stage

26
Q

What are some indicators of spina bifida?

A

Screen w/ AFP, ultrasound, amniocentesis

X-ray, MRI, or CT to image spinal column and vertebrae