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Fall 22: Parasites > 34. drug use in ruminants > Flashcards

34. drug use in ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

3 major dug classes used for ruminants

A

Benzimidazoles (BZDs)

Imidazothiazoles/
Tetrahydropyrimidines
– Membrane depolarizers

Macrolide Endectocides
– Avermectin / Milbemycins (AM)

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2
Q

white wormers are

A

benzimidazoles (BZ)

broad spectrum
adulticidial
short acting
safest!

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3
Q

what is the safest type of drugs for ruminants

A

Benzimidazoles- white wormers

toxic dose is 10 to 100 X therapeutic dose for most BZ drugs

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4
Q

most commonly used Benzimidazole (BZ)

A

fenbendazole (FBZ)

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5
Q

some benzimidazoles

A

fenbendazole
oxfendazole
albendazole

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6
Q

what is the strongest benzimidazole?

A

albendazole
can be used against liver flukes

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7
Q

how does benzimidazole work

A

binds to B tubulin cap of parasite

prevents these from going on and doing tasks like glucose metabolism, cell structure- everyday function

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8
Q

what will increase efficacy of Benzimidazole

A

oral drug

if you hold food for 24 hours, will slow down gut and increase contact time with drug

repeat dose

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9
Q

which BZD are teratogenic in mice and should not be given during pregnancy

A

Albendazole

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10
Q

what type of animals are resistant to BZDs

A

small ruminants and zoo animals

not normally a problem in cattle parasites

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11
Q

what are two families of membrane depolarizers

A

imidazothiazoles and tetrahydropyrimidines

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12
Q

how do membrane depolarizers work

A

Cholinergic agonists

Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents acting at acetylcholine receptors

Cause spastic paralysis of worms

Imidazothiazoles
– Levamisole, butamisole Tetrahydropyrimidines
– Pyrantel, morantel

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13
Q

Imidazothiazoles
— and butamisole Tetrahydropyrimidines
– Pyrantel and —

A

Levamisole

morantel

membrane depolarizers

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14
Q

— is the treatment of choice for goats with Haemonchus infection

A

Levamisole

want to save this drug for worst case senerios- dont want to cause resistance

membrane depolarizer: Imidazothiazoles
– Levamisole, butamisole

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15
Q

Levamisole is — spectrum and can be used when during pregnancy

A

broad spectrum
safe for pregnant animals except for last 3 weeks of goat gestation

membrane depolarizer: Imidazothiazoles
– Levamisole, butamisole

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16
Q

Levamisole can be given

A

oral, injectable or topical

membrane depolarizer: Imidazothiazoles
– Levamisole, butamisole

17
Q

Levamisole has a high or low therapeutic dose

A

low

can not change dose- toxic at 3-5 x will cause ataxia and muzzle foaming

18
Q

Levamisole is not a good drug for

A

L4 (dorment) O. ostertagi

19
Q

pyrantel of ruminants

A

morantel

20
Q

— is an oral med that is mixed into feed, broad spectrum and can be used in lactating animals

A

Morantel

membrane depolarizer:
Tetrahydropyrimidines
– Pyrantel, morantel

21
Q

— is the most perfect/ Effective drug against most nematode and
arthropod parasites

A

avermectin/milbemycins

endectocides

naturally occuring from surface dwelling bacteria Streptomyces spp.

22
Q

how does Avermectin work

A

acts at glutamate gates and GABA gated chloride channels

23
Q

— are dose limiting parasites in cattle

A

cooperia

24
Q

— works 99% of the time on both adult and larval and arrested larval strongylid nematodes

A

Avermectin/milbemycin (AM)

25
Q

Avermectin/milbemycin are excreted

A

unchanges in feces into environment

lipophilic- lasts a long time

26
Q

how to give Avermectin/milbemycin

A

sheep- 2 x dose given orally

cattle- pour-on

27
Q

persistent anthelmintics will —

A

control pasture contamination by preventing reinfection and killing larva and adult strongylids

Avermectin/milbemycin are lipophilic- long half life

28
Q

— are safe for bung beetles

A

moxidectin (milbemycin)

29
Q

— is a flukicides for cattle

A

clorsulon
a sulfonamide

inhibits enzymes needed to use glucose

cause flaccid paralysis and digestive cell necrosis

ruptures fluke egg

30
Q

— is used in combination with Ivermectin SQ (IVOMEC Super) for treatment of cattle infections with nematodes, arthrpods and liver fluke

A

Clorsulon

31
Q

— is used for treatment of tapeworm in horses

A

Praziquantela and IVM as Equimax or Zimecterin gold

32
Q

what are some things that cause resistance in ruminants

A

underdosing
infested areas
treating at wrong times in life cycle
wrong drug

33
Q

Caused by changes in allele frequencies of “resistance” genes

A

anthelmintic resistance

some parasites are stronger and will survive

34
Q

— is used to measure resistance of drugs

A

fecal egg reduction test

35
Q

refugia

A

the proportion of the worm population
that is not selected by drug Tx

worms in untreated animals
eggs and larvae on pasture

dilutes resistant gene!

Fall 22: Parasites (32 decks)

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