04 + 05. Trich Flashcards
examples of trichostrongyles
haemonchus
ostertagia
trichostrongylus
Dictyocaulus viviparus
major features of trichostrongyles
small-hair like
large copulatory bursa
small bucaal capsule
strongyle-type eggs
live in stomach and small intestine
trichuris
nematodirus- very large strongyle-type egg
how many adults per egg of trichostrongyles
one adult
haemonchus
ostertagia
trichostrongylus
Dictyocaulus viviparus
periparturient rise
larvea will hatch at same time as host having new baby- allows it to infect naive host
anti-worm drug also called
anti-helminthic
how can haemonchus produce 10,000 eggs per day
feeds on blood
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus viviparus
the increase in number of nematode eggs produced by ewes in the period 4 to 8 weeks after parturition.
periparturient rise
a temporary halt in the parasitic phase of development at a specific point in the nematode life cycle.
arrested development
waits until environment is favorable to continue
three things that cause arrested development
seasonal influences
host immune response
competition
what does synchronous development of larvae mean?
arrested worms all come out at the same time leading to serious disease
dictyocaulus viviparus lifecycle
no eggs!
lung worm
adult produce live L1, in poop- pilobolus fungi launch L3 to new areas
eaten by host- migrate to lungs-coughed and swallowed back into gut and make babies
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
symptoms of Dictyocaulus viviparus
cough, tachypnea, dyspnea, wasting
lung worm, no eggs, pilobolus fungus
Dictyocaulus viviparus larvae in lung with inflammatory cells (eosinophils)
lungworm- no eggs, pilobolus fungi
what is the basic lifecycle of most trichostrongyle worms?
Dictyocaulus viviparus- exception- no eggs, lung worm- pilobolus fungi spread
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
what are some strategies for parasite success
arrested developement
periparturinet rise
high egg count
overwintering
dictyocaulus viviparus
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
nonspecific sign of eye irritation
chemosis
how does anemia lead to edema
loss of proteins cause fluid to accumulate outside of vessels
Haemonchus cause
bottle jaw
anemia
weakness
edema
NO DIARRHEA
baberpole worm
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
what trichostrongyle does not cause diarrhea
Haemonchus- barberpole worm- anemia and bottle jaw
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
Haemonchus- barberpole worm- blood feeding- anemia, hypoproteinemia and bottle jaw
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
hosts for haemonchus
sheep and goats and ruminants
Haemonchus- barberpole-blood feeding- anemia, low protein and bottle jaw
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
how to treat haemochus
famachia grading- drugs- but lead to resistance
no vaccine
rotational grazing
cull
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
famacha scoring is for
Haemonchus infection
3-5 treat
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
this shows there are only a small amount of animals with a very high amount of worms.
if you cull these animals you can decrease the overall amount of worms produced
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
refugia
only treat some of the herd, that way the next wave of parasites is still suseptible to medications
ostertagis cause
profuse watery diarrhea
anorexia
dehydration
weight loss
bottle jaw
anemia
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
what does haemonchus look like
barberpole
large bursa- male
spike- blood feeders- female
Haemonchus- barberpole-blood feeding- anemia, low protein and bottle jaw
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
what does ostertagia look like
threadlike
large bursa- male
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
ostertagia infect
cattle
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
where do ostertagia L3 grow into L5
in the glands of the rumen of cattle
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
ostertagia
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
how does ostertagia effect pH of the rumen
will increase pH
live inside and destroy the glands that produce HCl
cause erosion and undifferentiated cells
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
what trichostrongyle will change the pH of the stomach
ostertagia
live in gastric glands- increase pH, ↑plama pepsinogen, low albulmin
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
how does ostertagia cause increased plasma pepsingogen
destroy paietal cells that make HCl→ increased pH
pepsingogen needs low pH in order to be cleaved into pepsin
pepsin is used to cut proteins into peptides
live in gastric glands- increase pH, ↑plama pepsinogen, low albulmin
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
type 1 ostertagia
young cattle grazing contaminated pasture for the 1st time
live in gastric glands- increase pH, ↑plama pepsinogen, low albulmin
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
Type II ostertagia
older animals
parastite all leave arrested L4 at same time
live in gastric glands- increase pH, ↑plama pepsinogen, low albulmin
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
symptoms of Trichostrongylus colubriformis
small intestine of ruminants
mucosal disruption, flattening of villi
protein loss and protracted diarrhea
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
symptoms of Trichostrongylus axei
stomach: ruminants, swine and horses
erosion of galndular epithelium in stomach
mucosal permeability
nodules
hyperemic gastritits in horses
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
Trichostrongylus- attack mucosa/glandular epithelium
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
what trichostrongyle cause gastritis
ostertagia
live in gastric glands- increase pH, ↑plama pepsinogen, low albulmin
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
what trichostrongyle cause diarrhea
ostertagia- gastric glands, profuse and watery diarrhea, anorexia
trichostrongylus- mucosal disruption
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
what trichostrongyle cause starvation
ostertagia- gastric glands- leads to profuse and watery diarrhea, anorexia and wasting
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
what trichostrongylus cause anemia
haemonchus
barberpole-blood feeding- anemia, low protein and bottle jaw
Trichostrongyle: haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus + Dictyocaulus
Sheep and goats are most severely affected by which trichostrongyle
Haemonchus contortus.