28. global impact Flashcards
— are the vectors for maleria
Anopheles mosquito
apicomplexa: Hemosporidia: Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon, Haemoproteus
life cycle of plasmodium
malaria
DH Anopheles mosquito- sexual reproduction will release sporozoites in saliva to
IH- humans- infect and lyse liver cells and then RBC, some parasites will form gametocytes that are eaten by matching mosquito
Number one tick-borne disease of cattle
babesiosis
spread by one-host tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) (blue tick)
babesoisis in cattle cause
decreased growth rates, fertility and milk production
cause fever, decreased appetite, dull, listless, severe anemia, hemoglobinuria- from massive RBC lysis
cattle die in 3-8 days
Babesia bigemina infect
cattle
tick spread
Babesia bigemina is also called— and causes —
Texas fever, red water fever
cause fever, decreased appetite, dull, listless, severe anemia, hemoglobinuria- from massive RBC lysis
cattle die in 3-8 days
Babesia transmitted by —-, a one host tick
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus)
blue tick- short mouth, hex head, inornate, no festoons
if Rhipicephalus are one host ticks how are they spread
transovarial - ticks give birth to infected eggs
lifecycle of babesia
one host tick
transovarian transmission of parasite from tick to baby tick
transferred from saliva of DH tick to IH host cattle/dog
will attack red blood cells- cause anemia
Theileria infect
cattle, goats and sheep
tick borne disease-
can be asymptomatic or pathogenic
east coast fever
Theileria
tick borne disease
Piroplasmids: babesia, theileria, cytauxzoon
life cycle of Theileria
similar to babesia but NO transovarial transmission inside tick
multihost tick
will infect leukocytes( B and T cell)- take over machinery to live for ever and divide when cell divides
will infect RBC- transmission back to tick
cause hyperplasia, inflammation, lymphoid depletion, neuro
symptoms of Theileriosis
infect lymphocytes (B and T cells)
cause hyperplasia- cancer like
inflammation in lungs and GI
final stage lymphoid depletion
neuro signs
what happens to cell infected with Theileria
will grow uncontrollably
can infiltrate organs
if you cure parasite- cell will die
how does Theileria spread from cell to cell
will hitch a ride on host microtubules and when host cell divides the parasite will also divide
never has to leave the cell
how does Theileria cause cell growth
NFKB pathway
interacts with signaling complex proteins NEMO and IKK Theileria to promote IκB degradation
will degrade inhibitory protein- which keeps p50 and p65 on causing increased survival and proliferation
how to control theileria
wildlife are reservoirs
hard to control
tick control is expensive
vaccines and drugs are also expensive
East Coast fever- infect leukocytes and RBC, do NOT kill host cells, divide with them
Trypanosoma
vector for Trypanosoma
glossina morsitans- tsetse fly
life cycle of Trypanosome
spread by saliva of glossina morsitans (tsetse) fly- lay live larvae
kinetoplastid parasites
kinetoplast are
tubular mitochondrion that contains mitochondrial DNA arranged in “chainmail” of mini and maxicircles
Trypanosome and Leishmania are both protozoa with Kinetoplasts
— cause African sleeping sickness
Trypanosome
spread by tsetse flys
Kinetoplasts protozoa
symptoms of trypanosome
Anemia
Polyclonal B cell activation
Hypergammaglobulinemia
Immune complex formation and
deposition Immunosuppression
Cachexia
Death if untreated
why does trypanosomes undergo cyclic expansion and contraction in the blood
free floating protoza in blood
can change antigen on surface to avoid host detection
variant surface glycoprotein
antigenic variation
what type of protoza has antigenic variation to avoid detection
Trypanosome-
will change surface antigen to avoid host immune system
Variant surface glycoprotein
Trypanosome and Leishmania are both protozoa with Kinetoplasts
Visceral leishmaniasis cause
will infect macrophages and explode
fever, wasting, spleen and liver swelling, anemia, leukopenia, increased # of antibodies
spread by sandflies- phlebotomus
Trypanosome and Leishmania are both protozoa with Kinetoplasts
Leishmania vectors are
Phlebotomus & Lutzomyia
sandflies <5mm length and hairy
leishmania lifecycle
spread by regurgitation of parasite by sandfly to humans
(live in GI of sandfly and are puked up into IH)
will infect macrophages of IH
Trypanosome and Leishmania are both protozoa with Kinetoplasts
canine leishmaniasis is spread by
dog to dog fighting
foxhounds
NOT spread by sandflies
Dogs act as a reservoir for L. — in southern
Europe and L. — in
South America
infantum
chagasi
Canine — is
difficult to treat and most
dogs relapse following
termination of therapy
leishmaniasis
spread by fighting, fox hounds
treatment for Leishmaniasis in dogs
very difficult to treat
dogs can relapse
will be life long carriers
