28. global impact

Question 1

— are the vectors for maleria

Answer 1

Anopheles mosquito

apicomplexa: Hemosporidia: Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon, Haemoproteus

Question 2

life cycle of plasmodium

Answer 2

malaria

DH Anopheles mosquito- sexual reproduction will release sporozoites in saliva to

IH- humans- infect and lyse liver cells and then RBC, some parasites will form gametocytes that are eaten by matching mosquito

Question 3

Number one tick-borne disease of cattle

Answer 3

babesiosis

spread by one-host tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) (blue tick)

Question 4

babesoisis in cattle cause

Answer 4

decreased growth rates, fertility and milk production

cause fever, decreased appetite, dull, listless, severe anemia, hemoglobinuria- from massive RBC lysis

cattle die in 3-8 days

Question 5

Babesia bigemina infect

Answer 5

cattle

tick spread

Question 6

Babesia bigemina is also called— and causes —

Answer 6

Texas fever, red water fever

cause fever, decreased appetite, dull, listless, severe anemia, hemoglobinuria- from massive RBC lysis

cattle die in 3-8 days

Question 7

Babesia transmitted by —-, a one host tick

Answer 7

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus)
blue tick- short mouth, hex head, inornate, no festoons

Question 8

if Rhipicephalus are one host ticks how are they spread

Answer 8

transovarial - ticks give birth to infected eggs

Question 9

lifecycle of babesia

Answer 9

one host tick

transovarian transmission of parasite from tick to baby tick

transferred from saliva of DH tick to IH host cattle/dog

will attack red blood cells- cause anemia

Question 10

Theileria infect

Answer 10

cattle, goats and sheep

tick borne disease-
can be asymptomatic or pathogenic

Question 11

east coast fever

Answer 11

Theileria

tick borne disease

Piroplasmids: babesia, theileria, cytauxzoon

Question 12

life cycle of Theileria

Answer 12

similar to babesia but NO transovarial transmission inside tick

multihost tick

will infect leukocytes( B and T cell)- take over machinery to live for ever and divide when cell divides

will infect RBC- transmission back to tick

cause hyperplasia, inflammation, lymphoid depletion, neuro

Question 13

symptoms of Theileriosis

Answer 13

infect lymphocytes (B and T cells)
cause hyperplasia- cancer like
inflammation in lungs and GI
final stage lymphoid depletion
neuro signs

Question 14

what happens to cell infected with Theileria

Answer 14

will grow uncontrollably
can infiltrate organs

if you cure parasite- cell will die

Question 15

how does Theileria spread from cell to cell

Answer 15

will hitch a ride on host microtubules and when host cell divides the parasite will also divide

never has to leave the cell

Question 16

how does Theileria cause cell growth

Answer 16

NFKB pathway

interacts with signaling complex proteins NEMO and IKK Theileria to promote IκB degradation

will degrade inhibitory protein- which keeps p50 and p65 on causing increased survival and proliferation

Question 17

how to control theileria

Answer 17

wildlife are reservoirs
hard to control

tick control is expensive
vaccines and drugs are also expensive

East Coast fever- infect leukocytes and RBC, do NOT kill host cells, divide with them

Question 18

Answer 18

Trypanosoma

Question 19

vector for Trypanosoma

Answer 19

glossina morsitans- tsetse fly

Question 20

life cycle of Trypanosome

Answer 20

spread by saliva of glossina morsitans (tsetse) fly- lay live larvae

kinetoplastid parasites

Question 21

kinetoplast are

Answer 21

tubular mitochondrion that contains mitochondrial DNA arranged in “chainmail” of mini and maxicircles

Trypanosome and Leishmania are both protozoa with Kinetoplasts

Question 22

— cause African sleeping sickness

Answer 22

Trypanosome
spread by tsetse flys

Kinetoplasts protozoa

Question 23

symptoms of trypanosome

Answer 23

Anemia
Polyclonal B cell activation
Hypergammaglobulinemia
Immune complex formation and
deposition Immunosuppression
Cachexia
Death if untreated

Question 24

why does trypanosomes undergo cyclic expansion and contraction in the blood

Answer 24

free floating protoza in blood

can change antigen on surface to avoid host detection

variant surface glycoprotein

antigenic variation

Question 25

what type of protoza has antigenic variation to avoid detection

Answer 25

Trypanosome-

will change surface antigen to avoid host immune system

Variant surface glycoprotein

Trypanosome and Leishmania are both protozoa with Kinetoplasts

Question 26

Visceral leishmaniasis cause

Answer 26

will infect macrophages and explode

fever, wasting, spleen and liver swelling, anemia, leukopenia, increased # of antibodies

spread by sandflies- phlebotomus

Trypanosome and Leishmania are both protozoa with Kinetoplasts

Question 27

Leishmania vectors are

Answer 27

Phlebotomus & Lutzomyia

sandflies <5mm length and hairy

Question 28

leishmania lifecycle

Answer 28

spread by regurgitation of parasite by sandfly to humans

(live in GI of sandfly and are puked up into IH)

will infect macrophages of IH

Trypanosome and Leishmania are both protozoa with Kinetoplasts

Question 29

canine leishmaniasis is spread by

Answer 29

dog to dog fighting
foxhounds

NOT spread by sandflies

Question 30

Dogs act as a reservoir for L. — in southern
Europe and L. — in
South America

Answer 30

infantum
chagasi

Question 31

Canine — is
difficult to treat and most
dogs relapse following
termination of therapy

Answer 31

leishmaniasis

spread by fighting, fox hounds

Question 32

treatment for Leishmaniasis in dogs

Answer 32

very difficult to treat

dogs can relapse

will be life long carriers