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Fall 22: Parasites > 12. trematodes > Flashcards

12. trematodes Flashcards

1
Q

flukes are

A

trematodes

part of the plathelminthes (flatworms)

Monogenea and Digenea

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2
Q

monogenea life cycle

A

direct lifecycle

hermaphrodites

viviparous- no eggs Live L1
feed on epidermis, blood and mucous

Monogenea- gyrodactylus, dactylogyrus

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3
Q

monogenea symptoms

A

excessive mucus secretion
hemorrhage, tissue loss→secondary infections
inflammation
can be lethal in heavy infections

(Flukes)Monogenea- gyrodactylus, dactylogyrus

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4
Q

Gyrodactylus spp infect

A

ectoparasite on skin and gills of aquatic animals

attach by haptor?

(flukes) Monogenea- gyrodactylus, dactylogyrus

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5
Q

treatment of gyrodactylus

A

copper sulfate bath
formalin
hydrogen peroxide

fluke on skin and gills of fish

(flukes) Monogenea- gyrodactylus, dactylogyrus

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6
Q

Digenea

A

blood or tissue dwelling flukes
hermaphrodites

Digenea: PDDFTS. paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae,fasciolidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

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7
Q
A

digenea- fluke

Digenea: PDDFTS. paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae,fasciolidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

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8
Q

lifecycle of digenea

A

DH- eggs into water
eggs hatch and release micracidium

IH goes through asexual reproduction- cercaria

  1. cercaria directly penetrates skin of DH
  2. cecaria eaten by 2nd IH then eaten by DH
  3. form cyst on vegetation- metacercaria- that is eaten by DH

when in DH will undergo sexual reproduction to form new egg

Digenea: PDDFTS. paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae,fasciolidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

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9
Q
A

lifecycle of digenean

Digenea: PDDFTS. paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae,fasciolidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

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10
Q

— and — are digenean that enter DH by forming metacercariae

A

cyst on vegetation

Fasciolidae
(eg, Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Fascioloides magna)

Paramphistomatidae
(eg, Paramphistomum cervi, P microbothroides)

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

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11
Q

adult Fasciola hepatica are found

A

in liver
liver fluke- 3-4 cm
flattened shoulders
leaf like

infection by eating metacercariae encysted vegetation

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

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12
Q

eggs of F. hepatica

A

operculate- trap door?
found in feces

unembryonated eggs

infection by eating metacercariae encysted vegetation

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

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13
Q

lifecycle of F. hepatica

A

form metacercaria

liver fluke-

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

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14
Q

symptoms of acute F. hepatica

A

liver lesions, tissue destruction, internal bleeding

black disease- caused by Clostridium novyi growing in these lesions

liver fluke that makesmetacercaria to infect host(sheep)

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

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15
Q

secondary infection by — cause black disease in liver infected by F. hepatica

A

Clostridium novyi

liver fluke that makes metacercaria to infect DH(sheep)

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

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16
Q

Chronic F. hepatica cause

A

bile duct hyperplasia, fibrosis and calcification
low blood protein, anemia and wasting disease

liver fluke that forms metacercaria to infect DH (sheep)

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

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17
Q

infectious dose >5000 metacercariae
Animals suddenly die without any previous clinical signs. Ascites, abdominal hemorrhage, jaundice, pallor of membranes may be observed.

A

acute type 1 F. hepatica

liver fluke that makes metacercaria to infect DH(sheep)

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

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18
Q

infectious dose = 1000-5000 metacercariae As above, sheep die, but briefly show pallor, loss of
condition, and ascites.

A

Acute type II F. hepatica infection

liver fluke that makes metacercaria to infect DH(sheep)

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

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19
Q

infectious dose = 800-1000
metacercariae. Sheep are lethargic, anemic, and may die.
Weight loss is the dominant feature.

A

subacute Fasciolosis
F. hepatica

liver fluke that makes metacercaria to infect DH(sheep)

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

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20
Q

infectious dose = 200-800
metacercariae. Asymptomatic or gradual development of bottle jaw and ascites, emaciation, weight loss.

A

chronic fasciolosis
F. hepatica

liver fluke that makes metacercaria to infect DH(sheep)

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

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21
Q

treatment for F. hepatica

A

some drugs
drain ponds to kill IH (snails)
fluke-free pastures

liver fluke that spread by metacercariae

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

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22
Q

Fascioloides magna infect

A

form cyst in liver and bile duct of deer

juveniles do not mature in cattle, sheep and goats- worms migrate around

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

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23
Q
A

F. hepatica- small liver fluke in sheep

F. magna- large liver fluke that cause cyst formation in deer. If it infects sheep and goats will migrate through liver

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

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24
Q

Paramphistomum cervi and P. microborthroides are called

A

rumen flukes

use metacercaria to infect sheep and cattle

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

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25
Q

Paramphistomum cervi and P microbothroides infect

A

sheep and cattle by forming metacercardiae

adults relatively harmless

high infection can cause worms to migrate from small intestine to rumen

rumen fluke

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

26
Q

Paramphistomum life cycle

A

indirect
similar to F. hepatica-

egg- miracidium- IH- cercaria- metacercaria- host(cattle and sheep)

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

27
Q
A

P. microbothroides

rumen fluke- use microcercaria to infect cattle

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

28
Q

what three families digenea infect by infecting secondary IH

A

Troglotrematidae
(e.g., Nanophyetus salmincola, Paragonimus kellicotti)

Diplostomatidae
(e.g., Alaria spp.)

Dicrocoeliidae
(e.g., Platynosomum fastosum, Dicrocoelium dendriticum)

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

29
Q

Nanophyetus salmincola life cycle

A

host to Neorickettsia helminthoeca- cause salmon sickness in dogs

egg- miracidium in water- eaten by IH(snail)- cercaria- 2nd IH (salmon)- metacercaria - eaten by DH (dog)

Family troglotrematidae

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

30
Q

— causes salmon poisoning

A

nanophyetus salmincola

Family Troglotrematidae

intestinal fluke that spread to second IH before DH

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

31
Q

Paragonimus kellicotti cause —

A

respiratory disease
found in pairs

part of family Troglotrematidae

lung fluke- snail- 2nd IH- DH

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae

32
Q

life cycle of Paragonimus kellicotti

A

lung fluke

egg- miracidium- snail- cercaria- second IH(crab)- encysts as metacercaria- eaten by DH (dog) - spread to lungs

part of family troglotrematidae

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

33
Q

Paragonimus kellicotti eggs

A

operculate eggs (collar)

lung fluke- use 2nd IH(crab)

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

34
Q

Alaria spp. infect

A

intestinal fluke of wildlife- racoons

can infect dogs and cats but rare

family dicrocoelidae

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

35
Q

— have mesocercaria stage

A

alaria spp
intestinal fluke

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

36
Q

transmission of Alaria spp.

A

vertical transmission- via milk ducts

mesocercaria stage found in second intermediate host

intestinal flukes of the Diplostomatidae family

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

37
Q

mesocercaria

A

special larval stage found in intermediate, paratenic hosts

Migration in lungs can cause
disease

found in Alaria- family diplostomatidae

intestinal fluke

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

38
Q
A

alaria spp
family diplostomatidae

intestinal fluke- special mesocaercaria stage

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

39
Q

life cycle of Dicrocoelium dendriticum

A

liver fluke of sheep
caused by eating metacercaria infected ant

part of the Dicrocoeliidae family

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

40
Q

shape of Dicrocoelium dentriticum

A

small 6-10 mm long
no shoulders
lancet shaped
small operculate eggs

part of the dicrocoeliidae family- use 2nd IH

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

41
Q

Dicrocoelium dentriticum eggs are

A

small brown, operculate
one side flattened
contains miracidium (embryonated)

use 2nd IH

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

42
Q

D. dendriticum infect

A

bile duct of sheep, cattle and pigs

cause fibrosis and cirrhosis

use second IH
embryonated eggs with miracidium

part of the Family dicrocoeliidae (liver fluke)

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

43
Q

Platynosomum fastosum infect

A

fluke of bile and pancreatic duct of cats

family dicrocoeliidae

lizard poisoning - use second IH

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

44
Q

lizard poisoning is caused by —

A

metacerariea in lizards that are used as 2nd IH for Platynosomum fastosum

fluke of bile and pancreatic duct of cat

Family Dicrocoeliidae

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

45
Q

lifecycle of Schistosomes

A

blood fluke- veins- heart- lungs- liver

male and female(tied together)- lay eggs- miracidium- IH(snail)- cercaria- skin penetration of DH (cattle and human)

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

46
Q

what part of the lifecycle of Schistosomes are infectious?

A

cercariae- right after snail(IH)

can penetrate skin

blood flukes

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

47
Q

Schistosome eggs that remain in the host cause

A

granulomas in liver and other tissues

blood fluke

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

48
Q

Heterobilharzia americana infects

A

dog schistosomes
DH- dogs, raccoon, bobcat, rabbit

adults in mesenteric vein

can cause lethargy, weight loss, diarrhea

blood fluke- direct skin penetration after 1st IH(snail) as cercariae

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

49
Q

symptoms of Schistosomes

A

granuloma formation- lungs and liver

large number of eggs and long lived worms

blood fluke

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

50
Q

swimmers itch can be caused by

A

schistosomes that penetrate the skin and die- don’t make it to circulation to breed

cause delayed type hypersensitivity reaction

direct skin penetration of cercaria after 1st IH(snail)

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

51
Q

what trematodes are found in the liver and bile duct

A

Fasciola hepatica,
Fascioloides magna,
Dicrocoelium dendriticum,
Platynosomum fastosum

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

52
Q

what trematodes are found in the rumen

A

Paramphistomum spp

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

53
Q

what trematodes are found in the intestine

A

Nanophyetus salmincola, Alaria marcianae

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

54
Q

what trematodes are found in the lungs

A

Paragonimus kellicotti

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

55
Q

what trematodes are in the circulation

A

Schistosomes

skin penetration of cercardia after 1st IH

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

56
Q

— are leaf like large, parasites found in the liver and bile duct

A

Fasciola hepatica

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

57
Q

— are small lancet-like parasites found in the liver and bile duct

A

Dicrocoelium

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

58
Q

— are small rounded with posterior sucker shaped parasites found in the rumen

A

Paramphistomum

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

59
Q

Trematodes (digeneans) have complex life cycles requiring at least one
intermediate host (for —-), a definitive host (for —), and usually an aquatic phase.

A

asexual reproduction
sexual reproduction

60
Q

Larval — are released from the intermediate host snail.

A

cercariae

61
Q

There are 3 routes for infection of the definitive host of trematodes

A

a. ingestion of metacercariae encysted on vegetation
b. ingestion of metacercariae encysted in tissues of second intermediate host
c. direct, percutaneous infection by cercariae

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

62
Q

The liver fluke — is a model for ingestion of metacercariae encysted on vegetation and is of major veterinary importance.

A

Fasciola hepatica

Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae

Fall 22: Parasites (32 decks)

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