12. trematodes Flashcards
flukes are
trematodes
part of the plathelminthes (flatworms)
Monogenea and Digenea
monogenea life cycle
direct lifecycle
hermaphrodites
viviparous- no eggs Live L1
feed on epidermis, blood and mucous
Monogenea- gyrodactylus, dactylogyrus
monogenea symptoms
excessive mucus secretion
hemorrhage, tissue loss→secondary infections
inflammation
can be lethal in heavy infections
(Flukes)Monogenea- gyrodactylus, dactylogyrus
Gyrodactylus spp infect
ectoparasite on skin and gills of aquatic animals
attach by haptor?
(flukes) Monogenea- gyrodactylus, dactylogyrus
treatment of gyrodactylus
copper sulfate bath
formalin
hydrogen peroxide
fluke on skin and gills of fish
(flukes) Monogenea- gyrodactylus, dactylogyrus
Digenea
blood or tissue dwelling flukes
hermaphrodites
Digenea: PDDFTS. paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae,fasciolidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
digenea- fluke
Digenea: PDDFTS. paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae,fasciolidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
lifecycle of digenea
DH- eggs into water
eggs hatch and release micracidium
IH goes through asexual reproduction- cercaria
- cercaria directly penetrates skin of DH
- cecaria eaten by 2nd IH then eaten by DH
- form cyst on vegetation- metacercaria- that is eaten by DH
when in DH will undergo sexual reproduction to form new egg
Digenea: PDDFTS. paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae,fasciolidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
lifecycle of digenean
Digenea: PDDFTS. paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae,fasciolidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
— and — are digenean that enter DH by forming metacercariae
cyst on vegetation
Fasciolidae
(eg, Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Fascioloides magna)
Paramphistomatidae
(eg, Paramphistomum cervi, P microbothroides)
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
adult Fasciola hepatica are found
in liver
liver fluke- 3-4 cm
flattened shoulders
leaf like
infection by eating metacercariae encysted vegetation
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
eggs of F. hepatica
operculate- trap door?
found in feces
unembryonated eggs
infection by eating metacercariae encysted vegetation
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
lifecycle of F. hepatica
form metacercaria
liver fluke-
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
symptoms of acute F. hepatica
liver lesions, tissue destruction, internal bleeding
black disease- caused by Clostridium novyi growing in these lesions
liver fluke that makesmetacercaria to infect host(sheep)
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
secondary infection by — cause black disease in liver infected by F. hepatica
Clostridium novyi
liver fluke that makes metacercaria to infect DH(sheep)
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
Chronic F. hepatica cause
bile duct hyperplasia, fibrosis and calcification
low blood protein, anemia and wasting disease
liver fluke that forms metacercaria to infect DH (sheep)
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
infectious dose >5000 metacercariae
Animals suddenly die without any previous clinical signs. Ascites, abdominal hemorrhage, jaundice, pallor of membranes may be observed.
acute type 1 F. hepatica
liver fluke that makes metacercaria to infect DH(sheep)
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
infectious dose = 1000-5000 metacercariae As above, sheep die, but briefly show pallor, loss of
condition, and ascites.
Acute type II F. hepatica infection
liver fluke that makes metacercaria to infect DH(sheep)
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
infectious dose = 800-1000
metacercariae. Sheep are lethargic, anemic, and may die.
Weight loss is the dominant feature.
subacute Fasciolosis
F. hepatica
liver fluke that makes metacercaria to infect DH(sheep)
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
infectious dose = 200-800
metacercariae. Asymptomatic or gradual development of bottle jaw and ascites, emaciation, weight loss.
chronic fasciolosis
F. hepatica
liver fluke that makes metacercaria to infect DH(sheep)
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
treatment for F. hepatica
some drugs
drain ponds to kill IH (snails)
fluke-free pastures
liver fluke that spread by metacercariae
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
Fascioloides magna infect
form cyst in liver and bile duct of deer
juveniles do not mature in cattle, sheep and goats- worms migrate around
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
F. hepatica- small liver fluke in sheep
F. magna- large liver fluke that cause cyst formation in deer. If it infects sheep and goats will migrate through liver
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
Paramphistomum cervi and P. microborthroides are called
rumen flukes
use metacercaria to infect sheep and cattle
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
Paramphistomum cervi and P microbothroides infect
sheep and cattle by forming metacercardiae
adults relatively harmless
high infection can cause worms to migrate from small intestine to rumen
rumen fluke
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
Paramphistomum life cycle
indirect
similar to F. hepatica-
egg- miracidium- IH- cercaria- metacercaria- host(cattle and sheep)
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
P. microbothroides
rumen fluke- use microcercaria to infect cattle
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
what three families digenea infect by infecting secondary IH
Troglotrematidae
(e.g., Nanophyetus salmincola, Paragonimus kellicotti)
Diplostomatidae
(e.g., Alaria spp.)
Dicrocoeliidae
(e.g., Platynosomum fastosum, Dicrocoelium dendriticum)
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
Nanophyetus salmincola life cycle
host to Neorickettsia helminthoeca- cause salmon sickness in dogs
egg- miracidium in water- eaten by IH(snail)- cercaria- 2nd IH (salmon)- metacercaria - eaten by DH (dog)
Family troglotrematidae
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
— causes salmon poisoning
nanophyetus salmincola
Family Troglotrematidae
intestinal fluke that spread to second IH before DH
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
Paragonimus kellicotti cause —
respiratory disease
found in pairs
part of family Troglotrematidae
lung fluke- snail- 2nd IH- DH
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae, paramphistomatidae, dicrocoelidae, diplostomatidae, troglotrematidae, schistomatidae
life cycle of Paragonimus kellicotti
lung fluke
egg- miracidium- snail- cercaria- second IH(crab)- encysts as metacercaria- eaten by DH (dog) - spread to lungs
part of family troglotrematidae
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
Paragonimus kellicotti eggs
operculate eggs (collar)
lung fluke- use 2nd IH(crab)
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
Alaria spp. infect
intestinal fluke of wildlife- racoons
can infect dogs and cats but rare
family dicrocoelidae
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
— have mesocercaria stage
alaria spp
intestinal fluke
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
transmission of Alaria spp.
vertical transmission- via milk ducts
mesocercaria stage found in second intermediate host
intestinal flukes of the Diplostomatidae family
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
mesocercaria
special larval stage found in intermediate, paratenic hosts
Migration in lungs can cause
disease
found in Alaria- family diplostomatidae
intestinal fluke
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
alaria spp
family diplostomatidae
intestinal fluke- special mesocaercaria stage
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
life cycle of Dicrocoelium dendriticum
liver fluke of sheep
caused by eating metacercaria infected ant
part of the Dicrocoeliidae family
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
shape of Dicrocoelium dentriticum
small 6-10 mm long
no shoulders
lancet shaped
small operculate eggs
part of the dicrocoeliidae family- use 2nd IH
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
Dicrocoelium dentriticum eggs are
small brown, operculate
one side flattened
contains miracidium (embryonated)
use 2nd IH
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
D. dendriticum infect
bile duct of sheep, cattle and pigs
cause fibrosis and cirrhosis
use second IH
embryonated eggs with miracidium
part of the Family dicrocoeliidae (liver fluke)
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
Platynosomum fastosum infect
fluke of bile and pancreatic duct of cats
family dicrocoeliidae
lizard poisoning - use second IH
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
lizard poisoning is caused by —
metacerariea in lizards that are used as 2nd IH for Platynosomum fastosum
fluke of bile and pancreatic duct of cat
Family Dicrocoeliidae
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
lifecycle of Schistosomes
blood fluke- veins- heart- lungs- liver
male and female(tied together)- lay eggs- miracidium- IH(snail)- cercaria- skin penetration of DH (cattle and human)
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
what part of the lifecycle of Schistosomes are infectious?
cercariae- right after snail(IH)
can penetrate skin
blood flukes
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
Schistosome eggs that remain in the host cause
granulomas in liver and other tissues
blood fluke
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
Heterobilharzia americana infects
dog schistosomes
DH- dogs, raccoon, bobcat, rabbit
adults in mesenteric vein
can cause lethargy, weight loss, diarrhea
blood fluke- direct skin penetration after 1st IH(snail) as cercariae
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
symptoms of Schistosomes
granuloma formation- lungs and liver
large number of eggs and long lived worms
blood fluke
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
swimmers itch can be caused by
schistosomes that penetrate the skin and die- don’t make it to circulation to breed
cause delayed type hypersensitivity reaction
direct skin penetration of cercaria after 1st IH(snail)
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
what trematodes are found in the liver and bile duct
Fasciola hepatica,
Fascioloides magna,
Dicrocoelium dendriticum,
Platynosomum fastosum
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
what trematodes are found in the rumen
Paramphistomum spp
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
what trematodes are found in the intestine
Nanophyetus salmincola, Alaria marcianae
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
what trematodes are found in the lungs
Paragonimus kellicotti
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
what trematodes are in the circulation
Schistosomes
skin penetration of cercardia after 1st IH
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
— are leaf like large, parasites found in the liver and bile duct
Fasciola hepatica
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
— are small lancet-like parasites found in the liver and bile duct
Dicrocoelium
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
— are small rounded with posterior sucker shaped parasites found in the rumen
Paramphistomum
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
Trematodes (digeneans) have complex life cycles requiring at least one
intermediate host (for —-), a definitive host (for —), and usually an aquatic phase.
asexual reproduction
sexual reproduction
Larval — are released from the intermediate host snail.
cercariae
There are 3 routes for infection of the definitive host of trematodes
a. ingestion of metacercariae encysted on vegetation
b. ingestion of metacercariae encysted in tissues of second intermediate host
c. direct, percutaneous infection by cercariae
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
The liver fluke — is a model for ingestion of metacercariae encysted on vegetation and is of major veterinary importance.
Fasciola hepatica
Digenea: FPDDTS. fasciolidae(FH,FM), paramphistomatidae(PC, PM), dicrocoelidae(PF,DD), diplostomatidae(A), troglotrematidae(NS,PK), schistomatidae
