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Bacteriology/Mycology > Yersinia & Proteus > Flashcards

Yersinia & Proteus Flashcards

1
Q

Which three species of Yersinia are important?

A

Three species are important
1. Y. pestis
2. Y. enterocolitica
3. Y. pseudotuberculosis

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2
Q

Yersinia are gram ________.

A

Negative

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3
Q

Yersinia are ____ shaped.

A

rod

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4
Q

What staining is use to detect Yersinia bacteria on a histological slide?

A

Bipolar staining

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5
Q

What can be seen here?

A

Yersinia
Bipolar staining

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6
Q

Yersinia can be both flagellated and non-flagellated. If the Yersinia in your sample do NOT possess flagella, they are described as?
Which Yersinia strain would fall under this category?

A

Absent = non-motile = Y. pestis.
No H antigen

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7
Q

Yersinia can be both flagellated and non-flagellated. If the Yersinia in your sample DO possess flagella, they are described as?
Which Yersinia strain would fall under this category?

A

Motile (has flagella) –
Y. enterocolitica &
Y. pseudotuberculosis

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8
Q

Yersinia has ____ and _______, like almost all Gram negative bacteria.

A

T3SS, siderophores

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9
Q

Are Yersinia lactose fermentors or lactose non-fermentors?

A

Lactose non-fermentors

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10
Q

Are Yersinia urease positive or negative?

A

Positive

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11
Q

Are Yersinia Coagulase positive or negative?

A

Positive, like Staph. Aureus

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12
Q

Do Yersinia produce H2S gas?

A

Yes and other gases in the TSI media.

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13
Q

What can be seen here?

A

Yersinia (no gas or no broken media
but the media color changed to yellow)

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14
Q

What can be seen here?

A

The TSI agar media shown by array changed from red to
yellow as well as the media is broken into two due to CO2 gas production e.g.
Klebsiella.

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15
Q

How do you handle Y. pestis?

A

Y. pestis is a bioterrorism agent. Need special permission from the US government.

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16
Q

Y. pestis spreads by ____ _____.

A

flea bites

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17
Q

How does Y. pestis spread?

A

Spreads by meat ingestion of infected rodents (e.g. rats by cats and dogs).

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18
Q

In addition to the ingestion of meat contaminated by rodents, how else can Y. pestis spread?

A
  1. Also transmitted by contact with infected
    secretions or tissues.
  2. Aerosol transmission to humans from
    pneumonic plague infected humans or
    cats.
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19
Q

Y. pestis causes ?

A

bubonic plague

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20
Q

Y. pestis killed up to ___ million people in Europe
between 1347-1352 (‘___ ____’)

A

200, black death.
Death by coughing up blood.

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21
Q

What can be seen here?

A

Y. pestis
Gangrene of the toes
turned the dead digits
black (black death)

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22
Q

Y. pestis is antigenically ________

A

homogenous

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23
Q

Y. enterocolitica has how many serotypes? What type of antigens do they possess?

A

70 “O” serotypes
(LPS antigens)

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24
Q

Y. pseuotuberculosis has how many serotypes? What type of antigens do they possess?

A

15 “O” serotypes, (LPS Antigens).

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25
Q

Y. enterocolitica proliferates
at ________ temperatures
(like Listeria) –> Thus, common cause of ________ in colder areas
of ____ and ______ ______.

A

refrigeration, enterocolitis, Europe, North America

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26
Q

What is the predilection habitat of Yersinia?

A

Gastro-intestinal tract of:
- animals
- arthropods mainly FLEAS in case of Y. pestis

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27
Q

Yersinia is primarily an _____ pathogens, with occasional transmission
to _____ through ____ or ____ contact. Thus, the habitat of human Yersinia pathogens are linked
to and overlaps with
Yersinia in animals.

A

animal, humans, direct, indirect

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28
Q

What can be seen here?

A

Xenopsylla cheopis,
oriental rat flea

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29
Q

Describe the wildlife cycle of Yersinia

A

Wild/Sylvatic
cycle: flea,
rodents, wildlife

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30
Q

Describe the domestic cycle of Yersinia

A

Domestic cycle:
flea, rodents,
domestic animals

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31
Q

The virulence factors of Yersinia are encoded at the high pathogenicity island on the genome or its 3 plasmids.

A
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32
Q

Yersinia - Capsule
1. prevents and promotes
______ resistance.
2. elicits a _______
inflammatory lesion

A

serum, hemorrhagic

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33
Q

Yersinia - Lipopolysaccharide
1. ________
2. _____
3. _____ _____ destruction

A

Endotoxemia, pyrogens, blood vessel

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34
Q

Yersinia- Low calcium response virulence (LcrV)
1. Where is LcrV found?
2. What is its function?

A

It is present on the surface of
Yersinia
inhibits excretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines,
inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis
inhibits cytokine production

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35
Q

Yersinia - Attachment structures
Attachment invasion (Ail) and Yersinia adhesion (Yad) for attachment and
adherence to?

A

a. microfold (M) cells of gut,
b. peyer’s patch,
c. lymph nodes

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36
Q

Yersinia - Invasin protein A
What is Invasin protein A’s function(s)?

A
  1. For host cell invasin
  2. Bacterial translocation between cells
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37
Q
A

Enter submucosa, attach themselves to DC cells, MQ, Peyers patch, LN. Live inside MQ and replicate within.

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38
Q

Yersinia cells traverse the ______ epithelium via _____ cells to the _______

A

intestinal, epithelial, submucosa

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39
Q

Submucosal ______ phagocytose the pathogen, Yersinia, and enter into the ____ system thereby reaching the ____.

A

macrophages, lymphatic, MLN

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40
Q

Alternatively, Yersinia bacteria can be engulfed by ____ cells

A

M

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41
Q

Once in the payer’s patch
Yersinia forms ______
and starts replication

A

microcolonies

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42
Q

Eventually, Yersinia bacterial cells are located in the ___ and can equally form ______ to allow _______.

A

MLN, microcolonies, replication

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43
Q

What are the functions of the Yersinia plasminogen activator (Pla), called ______?

A

protease
 adhesion,
 initiates disseminated intravascular
coagulation,
 Thrombosis and infarction,
 black gangrene,
 cause endotoxemia,
 spreader of bacteria in lymph nodes
(bubon) and lung

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44
Q

Wha is the function of Yersinia’s Global Stress Requirement (Gsr) called ______?

A

Protease
Useful for intra-cytoplamic survival
within macrophages

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45
Q

What are the functions of coagulase ?

A

adhesion, initiates
disseminated intravascular
coagulation (DIC)

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46
Q

What are the functions of Yersinia’s murine toxin (Ymt) called ___________ __?

A

phospholipase D
- protect Yersinia within fleas from any attack by forming a capsule-like
- disseminator of bacteria

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47
Q

What is the function of Urease?

A

survive in the acidic
stomach and colonize intestine

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48
Q

What are the toxins injected by Yersinia?

A

Yersinia outer protein (Yops)
Yersinia stable toxin (Yst)

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49
Q

What are the functions of Yersinia outer protein (Yops)?

A

 actin cytoskeleton,
 prevent phagocytosis

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50
Q

What are the functions of Yersinia stable toxin (Yst)?

A

enterotoxin to induce fluid and electrolyte accumulation in
the gut lumen (diarrhea & dehydration)

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51
Q

Iron robbing/acquisition systems from the host
1. Siderophore,
2. yersiniabactin,
3. hemin storage proteins

A
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52
Q
A
53
Q

Describe the host range of Y. Pestis

A

Humans
Prairie dogs
Squirrels
rats
In forest area, y. pestis is maintained for centuries. Bacteria enters amoeba which can infect squirrels, rats, prarie dogs, etc. If you go into forest and get bit by flea, can get bit here. Once bitten, immediately bacteria enters bloodstream. Bacteria multiply in LN –> enlarged, highly painful. This is the bubonic plague.
From LN, go to lungs and cause the pneumonic plague –> millions of deaths; transmitted via airborne coughing, sneezing.

54
Q

Describe transmission of Y. pestis

A

Airborne = from infected mammals
Ingestion = orally by predation, cannibalism, and scavenging mainly cats

55
Q

Describe the host ranges and transmission routes of Y. entrocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis?

A

Humans contract this infection by consuming contaminated meat, dairy, fish?

56
Q

Describe the transmission route of Y. enterocolitica

A

Transmitted by ingestion of oral fecal route. Y. pestis is airborne.

57
Q

Describe the transmission route of Y. psedutuberculosis

A

Ingestion: fecal-oral route

58
Q

Summary of transmission routes

A
59
Q

Describe the pathogensis of Y. entercolitica and Y. pseuotuberculosis

A

Yersina stable toxin causes?

60
Q

In the sylvatic cycle, fleas relying on infected _____, such as ____ and
______ _____, pass the infection to others in the population.
 Humans rarely contact these rodents but when they do, the ____ ____ transmits plague

A

rodents, mice, prairie dogs, flea bite

61
Q

In the urban cycle, rats are in closer contact with humans, and ____ from
infected ____ transmit the infection.

A

bites, fleas

62
Q

In both the sylvatic cycle and the urban cycle, initial transmissions
result in ______ _____.
 Bacteremia with
Y.pestis may infect the lungs to cause ______ plague

A

bubonic plague, pneumonic

63
Q

Pneumonic plague is transmitted from?

A

human to human by the respiratory
route without the involvement of fleas.

64
Q
A

What is the first stage of clinical signs that appear in humans suffering from Y. pestis? Bubonic plague

Does pneumonic plague need flea bite for transmission? No b/c transmitted by coughing?

65
Q

Describe the reservoir animal species of Y. pestis

A
66
Q

Describe the reservoir animal species of Y. enterocolitica?

A

All vertebrates

67
Q

Describe the reservoir animal species of Y. pseudotuberculosis?

A

All vertebrates

68
Q

Y. pestis grows in _____ of fleas if the fleas feed on infected host

A

midgut

69
Q

During feeding, the flea draws viable Y. pestis into its _______. Then the bacteria multiply and ____ the _______ just in front of the stomach. Later the bacteria force the flea to _______ infected blood unto the host when it tries to _____.

A

esophagus, block, proventriculus, regurgitate, swallow

70
Q

What are the clinical signs of Y. pestis?

A

Arrow pointing: enlarged lymph node

71
Q

What are the clinical signs of Y. enterocolotica?

A

Which lymph nodes enlarge for enteric form? Mesenteric

72
Q

What are the clinical signs of Y. pseudotuberculosis?

A

Which lymph nodes enlarge for enteric form? Mesenteric

73
Q

What can be seen here?

A

Which enzyme causes this condition?

74
Q

What can be seen here?

A
75
Q

What sample types would you collect to isolate, identify, and diagnose Yersinia?

A
  • Sample types
     blood culture (plague)
     bubo aspirate culture (bubonic plague)
     sputum culture (pneumonic plague)
     Cerebrospinal fluid culture (septicemic plague)
     Fecal culture
     Food/water culture
76
Q

What tests would you conduct to isolate, identify, and diagnose Yersinia?

A
  • Serology
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
  • Bacteriological gram stain, culture, biochemical tests
77
Q

How would you treat a patient diagnoses with Yersinia?

A

When do you start treatment? As soon as you see it because the bacteria are circulating through the bloodstream.

78
Q

How can Yersinia infection be controlled and/or prevented?

A
79
Q
A
80
Q

What are the three species of Proteus causing disease in humans and animals?

A
  1. Proteus mirabilis
  2. Proteus penneri
  3. Proteus vulgaris
81
Q

Is protease a lactose fermentor? This makes them?

A

No, pathogenic

82
Q

What happens when we place proteus into triple-sugar iron?

A

Produce H2S gas (black)

83
Q

Is proteus urease positive or negative?

A

Positive

84
Q

Proteus is known for _____ smell
because its urease convert ____ to _____

A

ammonia, urea, ammonia

85
Q

Proteus is highly ?

A

Highly motile with peri-trichous flagella. Use its flagella for swarming

86
Q

What can be seen here?

A

Proteus

87
Q

When proteus are in liquid media what do they do?

A

They swim

88
Q

You can differentiate identical (A & B) & different strains (c) Proteus
spp. by formation of the?

A

boundaries (Dienes lines)

89
Q

What can be seen here?

A

A and B = identical
C = different strain
Arrow pointing to? Dienes lines

90
Q

Describe proteus’ motility.

A
  1. Known for swarming motility on agar
    media/solid surface
  2. swimming motility in liquid media
    Swarming motility is:
    multi-cellular rafts of elongated,
    hyperflagellated swarmer cells with
    the ability to move rapidly over solid surfaces
91
Q

How many serotypes does Proteus have?

A

Consists of 80 O-antigenic
serogroups.

mmune evasion includes the
production of the production
of
1. O-antigens, and
2. flagellin variation.
3. ZapA metalloprotease,

92
Q

Describe the host range of proteus.

A

Humans
Gorillas
Dogs
Cats, feral cats
Pigs
Horses
Donkeys
Cow, cattle, calf
Raccoon dog
Flying fox
Rats
Birds, poultry
Snakes
Alligator
Turtles
Amphibians
Fishes
Oysters
Shrimps
Lobsters
Blue crab

93
Q

Describe the habitat and environment of proteus in humans and animals.

A

In human and animal:
gastrointestinal tract
Vulva and vagina
Skin
oral mucosa

94
Q

Describe the habitat and environment of proteus in the environment.

A

Survive in the environment
feces,
sewage
manure,
polluted soil
water
plant

95
Q

Proteus is an Indicator of ?

A

Fecal Pollution in Water and Soil.
 Human and animal feces are probably an important
source of these rods in natural environments

96
Q

List the virulence factors of Proteus

A
  1. Fimbriae
  2. Flagella
  3. LPS - endotoxin
  4. O and capsular polysacchardes
  5. Biofilm - self protection
  6. Invasiveness
97
Q

Explain the Fimbriae virulence factor for Proteus

A

Fimbriae – adhesion
a. biofilm formation,
b. auto-aggregation
c. bladder and kidney colonization

98
Q

Explain the flagella virulence factor for Proteus

A

swimming or swarming (i.e. may ascend to the kidneys)
 Two types of motility by flagella (i.e. may ascend to the kidneys)
 swarming motility and swimming motility

99
Q

Explain the LPS virulence factor for Proteus

A

Endotoxin

100
Q

Explain the O and capsular polysaccharide virulence factor for Proteus

A

O and capsular polysaccharides –
a. swarming facilitation,
b. kidney stones
c. immunoavoidance
d. biofilm formation,
e. sero-specificity

101
Q

Explain the Biofilm virulence factor for Proteus

A

Self-protection

102
Q

Explain the invasiveness virulence factor for Proteus

A

internalization into host cells

103
Q

List the enzymatic virulence factors of Proteus

A

Ureas, proteases, deaminases

104
Q

Explain Proteus’ virulence factor Urease

A

urine pH elevation, kidney stones formation
 responsible for kidney stones,
 crystalline biofilms, and
 possibly nutrition or host sensing

105
Q

Explain Proteus’ virulence factor protease

A

antibodies degradation

106
Q

Explain Proteus’ virulence factor deaminase

A

α-keto-acid siderophores production and iron acquisition

106
Q

List the toxin and protein virulence factors of Proteus

A
  1. Haemolysins
  2. Proteus toxic agglutinin (Pta)
  3. Zinc and Phosphate transport systems
  4. Siderophores
107
Q

Explain Proteus’ virulence factor hemolysin

A

cytotoxicity

108
Q

Explain Proteus’ virulence factor Pta

A

 cell–cell aggregation,
 cytotoxicity

109
Q

Explain Proteus’ virulence factor zinc and phosphate transport system

A

utilization

110
Q

Explain Proteus’ virulence factor siderophores

A

Metal scavenging iron and zinc uptake
are essential for growth

111
Q

Which of Proteus’ virulence factors cause disease?

A

Flagella elongation
and profuse urease
production are its
potent virulence
factor to cause
diseases

112
Q

Urease of Proteus is the potent virulence factor by converting ____ to _____
in the urine.

A

urea, ammonia

113
Q

Ammonia changes the pH of the urine to ______; subsequently ammonia contributes to the
pathology by _____ urine pH to promote ______ _____ formation.

A

alkaline, raising, kidney stone

114
Q

Describe kidney stone formation and The role of urease of Proteus in causing urinary tract disease

A
115
Q

Proteus mirabilis causes?
Responsible for?

A

 struvite renal stones,
 urinary tract infections
Responsible for stones in urinary tract. Penneri and vulgaris are rare.

116
Q

Proteus penneri causes?

A

 nosocomial urinary tract
infections
 sepsis

117
Q

Proteus vulgaris causes?

A

 nosocomial urinary tract
infections
 sepsis

118
Q

What can be seen in the images shown?

A

A. Pelvic cavity, urinary bladder. Stone of that size comes out.
B. Stone is made primarily of:
Magnesium, ammonium, phosphate

119
Q

The urease of P. mirabilis is
unambiguously associated with the development of infection- induced stone formation, known
as urolithiasis

A
120
Q

Proteus species have been
isolated in 70% of cases of
bacteria-induced stone formation

A
121
Q

Ascending urinary tract
infection and
Proteus
mirabilis virulence factors

A

Can affect the bladder or forms stones in bladder causing cystitis. When enter urinary tract, swim or swarm outward. Live normally in GIT or vulvar area.

122
Q

List the medically important species of Proteus

A
  1. Proteus mirabilis
  2. Proteus vulgaris
  3. P. penneri
123
Q

. Proteus mirabilis – the dominant species in causing clinical diseases
 Ulcerative lesions in the gastrointestinal tract
 Septicemia with suppurative,
 necrotic lesions
 Septic thrombi and infarction in many organs, mainly in kidney
 Nephritis and pyelonephritis is characterized by abscessation and scarring (struvite
renal stones). The renal stones are made up of magnesium, ammonium and phosphate

A
124
Q

P. vulgaris and P. penneri cause?

A

urinary tract disease occasionally

125
Q

90% of Proteus infections
occur as a result of ?

A

P. mirabilis

126
Q

Which diseases are caused by Proteus?

A

Cause diseases
 ulcerative enteritis
 urinary tract (nephritis, pyelonephritis,
renal abscess, & kidney stones)
 mammary gland (mastitis)
 pneumonia
 neonatal sepsis
 Meningitis
 wounds,
 mastitis
 Ear (otitis)
 bacteremia
* Cause food contamination
 food spoilage of raw meat, seafood,
vegetables, and canned food
 When
Proteus grows in milk, the milk
curds, and then liquefies

127
Q

How do you isolate, identify, and diagnose methods of Proteus?

A

Urinalysis - analyze urine, pH (pH would be alkaline). Stain urine (would be gram +).

Bacteriology/Mycology (40 decks)

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