Edwardsiella Aeromonas Plesiomonas Vibrio Flashcards
Edwardsiella and Plesiomonas share some characteristics with _______ since in same family.
E.coli
E. tarda infects which species?
Humans
P. shigelloides infects which species?
Humans
A. hydrophila infects which species?
Humans
Vibrio cholera infects which species?
Humans
Vibrio parahemolyticus infects which species?
Humans
Vibrio metschenkovii infects which species?
Poultry
Edwardsiella tarda is a ______ anaerobic, Gram- _______ ____.
facultative, negative, rod
Edwardsiella tarda
a member of the __________ family
Enterobacteriacae
Edwardsiella tarda is a _______ by ______ flagella
motile, peritrichous (meaning multiple flagella are spread over the entire surface of the bacteria).
Edwardsiella tards is ubiquitous in ____ and _____ environments
terrestrial, aquatic as well as in fish.
Edwardsiella tarda is an _________ pathogen (_________)
opportunistic , Edwardsiellosis (disease that affects fish)
Edwardsiella has ______ potential
zoonotic (humans can get infected with Eswardsiella tarda - via contaminated water or seafood).
Edwardsiella ______ and ______ infections
foodborne, waterborne
Attachment
- Flagella
- LPS
- Fimbriae
Toxins Secreted
- Hemolysin
- Proteinase
- T3SS
- T6SS
Evade host immune response via
1. Serum resistance
2. Capsule (anti-phagocytic and inhibit complement systems).
Form biofilm by
- Quorum sensing (release signal molecules to increase bacterial population density and increase virulence.)
E. tarda is an intracellular pathogen
Human epithelium cells exposed to E. tarda
1. Bind host cells
2. Vacuole of cytopasm
3. Multiple bactera present in cytooplasm =- IC rep
4. PM=lasma membrane destroyed and bacteria escape form cell
What are the causative agents of Edwardsiellosis in fish? Name the breeds of fish that are affected by each strain.
Causative agents
1. E. tarda/E. piscicida (flounder)
2. E. ictaluri (channel catfish, tilapia)
3. E. anguillarum (eel)
What are the symptoms of Edwaardsiellosis in fish?
Symptoms
Granuloma in multiple organs
Ascites
Skin ulceration
Edardsiellosis
Ascites
What is the causative agent of Edwardsiellosis in humans?
The causative agent is E. tardaPrimarily isolated from intestines after eating infected fish
What are the symptoms of Edardsiellosis in humans?
- Gastroenteritis (diarrhea)
- Bacteremia/Septicemia
Tilapia and catfish (arkansas, missipi, louisiana, texas) –> E. tarda exposure
Mostly prevalent in Japan because they consume a relatively large amount of raw seafood.
A 4-year-old postpartum Holstein
cow with acute diarrhea
What can be seen on necropsy in a cow that tested for Typhlocolitis by E. tarda?
- Greenish fluid
- Fecal material
- Deposition of fibrin
- Ruptures in the cecum
- Petechiae in the colon
- Necrosis in the cecum
- Necrosis in the colon
You see this on necropsy and suspect that your patient may be posiitve for Typhlocolitis by E. tarda. How do you test to confirm this?
- Tissue collection from Small and Large intestine
- Bacterial culture
- McConkey Agar, Deoxy Citrate, Yersinia (negative for last two).
Suspect E.tarda contaminated water and cow developed disease b/c immunocompromised (pregnant). Rare in cows, but still possible.
Typhlocolitis by E. tarda in a cow
In order to diagnose and identify Edwardsiella tarda bacteria, you must
1. ______ and _____ the bacteria:
incubated at ___-___°C for __ to __ days
- Blood agar: _____
- MacConkey agar: ___, _____
- Brilliant green agar: ____ _____
- XLD agar:
_____/____ center
- Biochemical tests: (2)
- Serological tests:
______ test, ____
Isolate, identify, 30-35, 2, 4, hemolytic, pale, colorless, No growth, Reddish/black, oxidase (-), catalase (+), Agglutination, ELISA
Edwardsiella tarda
Agglutination test
Edwardsiella tarda
How would you treat Edwardsiella tarda in fish?
Antibiotic therapy
- Oxytetracycline
How would you control Edwardsiella tarda in fish?
Control
- Quarantine (remove fish immediately)
- Water quality (high temp, low O2, high organic matter and ammonia –> stress fish –> monitor water quality DAILY).
How would you treat Edwardsiella tarda in humans?
- Natural cure (spontaenousl)
- Antibiotic therapy (in severe cases)
- Amoxicillin, Aminoglycosides,
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole,
Cephalosporins, Quinolones - Debridement (surgical intervention in severe cases)
Plesiomonas shigelloides
is a Gram- _______, ______ anaerobic ____.
negative, facultative, rod
Plesiomonas shigelloides is the ____ species member in the genus.
only
Plesiomonas shigelloides is the only oxidase-_______ member of Enterobacteriaceae.
positive
Plesiomonas shigelloides is motile by ____ and _____ flagella
polar, lateral
Plesiomonas shigelloides is found in ____ _____.
fresh water
Plesiomonas shigelloides has a ____ range of hosts, but is limited to _____ and ______ regions.
wide, tropical, subtropical
Plesiomonas shigelloides is an _______ pathogen of fish and reptiles and has _______ potential
opportunistic, zoonotic
Plesiomonas shigelloides
In liquid medium
Plesiomonas shigelloides in solid medium
The source of infection of Plesiomonas shigelloides in humans is via ______ of contaminated ____ and _____ as well as contact with _____ animals. Occurs after 2-5 days post- consumption.
ingestion, water, seafood, infected
The virulence factors of Plesiomonas shigelloides are?
- Enterotoxins
- LPS
- Hemolysin
- Iron acquisition system
Pathogenesis is unknown; all we know are the virulence factors.
The symptoms of Plesiomonas shigelloides are?
- Gastroenteritis (watery diarrhea)
- Bacteremia/Septicemia (uncommon)
P. shigelloides is not considered a critical pathogen.
Swollen abdomen pictured.
On necropsy of sick wolf, they found…
- Hemorrhagic congestion
- Hemorrhagic ascites
On necropsy of sick wolf, they found…
- Decolorization of the liver
On necropsy of sick wolf, they found…
Air bubbles in the stomach
On necropsy of sick wolf, they found…
Splenomegaly
On necropsy of sick wolf, they found…
Rod-shaped bacteria were found in the liver
parenchyma and hemorrhagic ascites
Rod-shaped bacteria were found in the liver
parenchyma and hemorrhagic ascites
P. shigelloides was the DX.
Primary cause: food contamination and stress. Wolf hid chicken in the ground and ate it later.
Systemic gastrointestinal infection (septicemia)
caused by _____________ __________ in a zoo animal
Plesiomonas shigelloides
In order to diagnose Plesiomonas shigelloides, you need to isolate and identify the bacteria via 1. ____ or ____ culture
on ______ media at __° for ____-___ hours
wound, stool, selective, 37, 24-48
When isolating and identifying P. Shigelloides, what does the bacterium look like on the following agar:
1. Blood
2. McConkey
3.
Which biochemical tests could you run to test to see if your patient is positive for Pleisiomonas Shigelloides?
Biochemical tests:
Catalase positive, Oxidase positive, Indole positive
Treatment of Plesiomonas shigelloides may ____ be required. However, if they are
β-lactamase producers:
- Resistant to ____ drugs
–> Choice of antibiotics: (4)
not, penicillin,
1. Cephalosporins
2. Carbapenems
3. Fluoroquinolones
4. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Plesiomonas means?
Neighbor of Aeromonas
Aeromonas is a Gram- _____, ______ anaerobic, ________ _____. It is found in ____ water (fish ____ and _____).
negative, facultative, straight rod, fresh, ponds, tanks
Aeromonas are apart of the _______ ____ of freshwater fish. However, it is an ________ pathogen.
normal flora, opportunistic
There are ____ groups of aeromonas:
1. ______ and ______ (?)
- ______ pathogen
2. ____-_____ and _______ (?)
- ____ pathogen
two, Motile, mesophilic, A. hydrophila, Human, Non-motile, psychrophilic, A. salmonicida, Fish
A. hydrophila
A. salmonicida
What virulence factors do Aeromonas possess for attachment?
- Type 1 and Type IV pili
- Flagella
What virulence factors do Aeromonas possess for secretion?
- Exoenzymes
- Hemolysins
- Enterotoxins
- T3SS and T6SS (allows bacteria to invade deeper tissues).
What virulence factors do Aeromonas possess for Biofilm formation?
- Quorum sensing (communicate via long distance by releasing signal molecules to tell bacteria to form biofilms).
What virulence factors do Aeromonas possess for resistance to host immune response?
- Capsule (anti-phagocytic) and S-layer (surface protein layer that are produced by many bacteria to form outer most layer)
A. hydrophila - Attachment
Secretion
Host cell invasion
Aeromonas hydrophila are motile by _____ and ____ flagella and are _______; optimal growth range from __°C to ___°C
polar, lateral, Mesophilic, 20, 45
Aeromonas hydrophila in fish causes ?
- Hemorrhagic septicemia
- Skin lesions
Aeromonas hydrophila in humans causes ?
- Diarrhea
- Septicemia
After consuming contaminated water or seafood.
Open wound –> contaminated –> septicemia
Aeromonas salmonicida
= ?
Salmon killer
Aeromonas salmonicida is
1. Motile or non-motile?
2. _________ and grows at an optimal growth temperature of ?°C
3. ____ pathogen:
- Causes ______ in salmonid fish
- Causes ___ disease in goldfish
Non-motile, Psychrophilic, ≤15, Fish, furunculosis, Ulcer
Aeromonas salmonicida
Furuncle under skin filled with blood and necrotic tissue.
Diagnosis of A. hydrophila
Hemolysis ()
Catalase ()
Oxidase (_)
Growth at __°C for ___ h
____ colonies
Mobility (__)
+, +, +, 37, 24, Large, +
Mesophillic microorganism so can row at 37
Diagnosis of A. salmonicida
Hemolysis ()
Catalase ()
Oxidase (_)
Growth at __°C for ___ h
____ colonies
Mobility (__)
Hemolysis (+)
Catalase (+)
Oxidase (+)
Growth at 25°C for 48 h
Small colonies
Mobility (-)
Cycrophillic microorganism so can row at 25
Aeromonas is resistant to which medications?
Resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, and
ticarcillin (due to production of β-lactamase.
How can you treat Aeromonas infections?
Antibiotic therapy
Third-generation cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides
Fluoroquinolones
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Treatment of Aeromonas infections
Vibrio is a gram-______, _______ anaerobic, _______ ____.
negative, facultative, curved rod
Vibrio is made motile by _____ flagella.
polar
Vibrio is ________ and is present in ______ water and ________.
halophilic, brackish, seawater
Vibrio is an ________ pathogen of ____ and _____
opportunistic, fish, reptiles
Vibrio cholerae infects?
humans
Vibrio parahemolyticus infects?
humans
Vibrio metschnikovii infects?
chickens
Vibrio anguillarum infects ?
eels
Vibrio cholerae is a ______ pathogen (______ _____ Cholera Outbreak). It is the causative agent of _____ (O__ and O___)
human, 2010 Haiti, cholera, 1, 139
What is the pathogenesis of Vibrio cholerae?
Cholera toxin (ctx) -> Watery diarrhea -> Dehydration -> Death
Once you ingest bacteria in drinking water –> SI –> produce toxin –> toxin binds to receptors on surface and is internalized in cytoplasm –> increases cAMP —> electrolytes and water secretion –> cholera diarrhea.
lose 1 L of fluid per hour. Would die of dehydration.
How do you treat a patient suffering from cholera?
Treatment: Oral rehydration therapy
Mixture of sugar and salt.
Severe cases need antibiotics; rehydration is more important
Vibrio cholerae
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
is a cause of ______ __________ in humans
food poisoning
What are the virulence factors of Vibrio parahaemolyticus?
Thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH)
T3SS/T6SS
Flagella
Adhesin (MAM7)
LPS
How can you identify Vibrio parahaemolyticus?
Grown on ________ media at __°C for ___-___h
Oxidase ________
Catalase ______
selective, 37, 24-48, positive, positive
For identification, you should us which media pictured? Describe how they look in each media.
TCBs agar is recommended for selective isolation and cultivation of vibrio species from clinical samples.
Green vs. yellow
W agar –> contains human or rabbit blood; not any other
Vibrio metschnikovii is an ______ pathogen that causes _____-like disease in ______ and other ____.
animal, cholera, chickens, birds
Name the virulence factors of Vibrio metschnikovii.
Virulence factors:
1. Hemolysin
2. Verotoxin
Vibrio metschnikovii appears as ______, _______ colonies on _____ agar and can be grown at __°C for __- ___ _____. It is poorly grown on ________ agar.
smooth, transparent, blood, 37, 24, 48h, MacConkey
Vibrio metschnikovii is Oxidase _____ and Catalase ______.
(-), (+)
Vibrio anguillarum is a ____ pathogen –> ________. It specifically effects ____water _____ and other _____.
fish, Vibriosis, salt, eels, fish
Mortality is very high
The clinical signs of Vibriosis in fish are:
1. Skin _____
2. ________ septicemia
necrosis, Hemorrhagic
The virulence factors of Vibrio anguillarum are:
1. ____ uptake system
2. ________
3. ________
4. ______
5. ______
6. ____
Iron, Hemolysins, Metalloproteases, Flagella, pili, LPS
The specimens you would need to collect if you suspect your patient is suffering from vibrio anguillarum are?
Specimens: water sample, swab, or infected tissue
You can identify Vibrio anguillarum by isolating it on ____ agar with __% ____ at ___°C for ____ hours (_______) OR _____ agar (_____ colonies). The biochemical tests you can use to identify Vibrio anguillarum would be _____ and _______.
blood, 1, NaCl, 20, 48, Hemolytic, TCBS, yellow, PCR, Sequencing
How would you treat and control the spread of Vibrio anguillarum?
Antibiotic therapy (Cephalosporins, Gentamycin, Nalidixic acid)
Phage therapy
Probiotics
Vaccination
