Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bacteriology/Mycology > Enterobacteriaceae & Salmonella > Flashcards

Enterobacteriaceae & Salmonella Flashcards

1
Q

All Enterobacteriaceae are:

Gram stain?
Shape?
Catalase positive or negative?
Oxidase positive or negative?

A

Gram -
Rod shaped
Catalase positive
Oxidase negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Enterobacteriaceae hide their cell wall (CW) by _____ _____

A

outer membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Enterobacteriaceae has ____ genera with a total of ____ species

A

68, 355

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What can be seen here?

A

Enterobacteriaceae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Medically important eight bacterial genera
within Enterobacteriaceae include:

A

CEEK group is also called coliform bacteria b/c they ferment lactose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The CEEK group are _______ fermentors
Which members of CEEK are Lactose positive?

A

lactose

Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Kiebsiella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

SPY-Sh group are __________ ___-______.
Which members of SPY-Sh are Lactose negative?

A

lactose non-fermentors
Salomonella, yersinia, proteus
IMViC test mostly used in enterobac group. This is an abbreviation for the Indole test uses trytophan amino acid.
VP = ketone bodies, such as acetone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which tests will help us determine the presence of Enterobacteriaceae?

A

Test for the presence of Lactose fermentation on MacConkey Agar.

Tests help us determine which bacteria cause disease in animals. These tests are:
1. Lactose fermentation (+/-)
2. H2S, CO2, or no as on TSA agar
3. Urease - if positive, they are proteins, if negative they are salmonella

If produce gas = citrobacter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

If your MacConkey Agar turns pink, what does that mean?

A

Positive = pink colonies –> coliform bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which Enterobacteriaceae are considered to be “fast”?

A

Klebsiella, Enterobacter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which Enterobacteriaceae are considered to be “slow”?

A

Citrobacter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

If your MacConkey Agar turns pale, what does that mean?

A

Negative = pale colonies –> highly pathogenic bacteria.

You then test for H2S production on triple sugar iron (TSI).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Proteus and Salmonella are positive for?

A

H2S on triple sugar iron (TSI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Proteus is Urease positive or negative?

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Salmonella is urease positive or negative?

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Yersinia is negative for ____ and _____, but positive for?

A

H2S, CO2, Ureas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lactose positive bacteria are also called?

A

Coliform bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which Enterobacteriaceae are Indole positive?

A

Citrobacter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which Enterobacteriaceae are Indole negative?

A

Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Salmonella, Yersinia, Proteus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which bacteria are Voges-proskauer negative?

A

Citrobacter, Salmonella, Yersinia, Proteus (glucose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which bacteria are Voges-proskauer positive?

A

Klebsiella, enterobacter (acetoin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which Enterobacteriaceae are Citrate positive?

A

Yersinia
Proteus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which Enterobacteriaceae are Citrate negative?

A

Salmonella
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Citrobacter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which Enterobacteriaceae are Urease negative?

A

Salmonella, enterobacter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which Enterobacteriaceae are Urease positive

A

yersinia, proteus, klebsiella, citrobacter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which Enterobacteriaceae produce H2S gas (black)?

A

Salmonella
Proteus
Citrobacter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which Enterobacteriaceae produce CO2 gas (yellow) ?

A

Enterobacter
Klebsiella
Yersinia produces NO gas but is yellow in color.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

All
Enterobacteriaceae are _______ anaerobic
* Non- ______
* Non- _____ forming
* Grow on bile containing media (?)
* Almost all are motile by flagella except the following:
?

A

Facultative, fastidious, spore, MacConkey agar, 1. Klebsiella
2. Shigella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The habitat of
Enterobacteriaceae

A

They love small and large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q
A

Live inside large and small intestine
SEEK group in proteus live in the mouth, vulva area, teats of females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Enterobacteriaceae
oral-fecal transmission route

A

 Entry – almost all of them by oral route by ingestion of contaminated food/feed & water (except Y. pestis: by flea bite)
 Exit – feces, urine, milk, nasal discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Enterobacteriaceae
 Commensal of digestive tract
 Opportunistic diseases
 Diarrhea
 Urinary tract infection
 Septicemia
 Pneumonia
 Meningitis

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The greatest impact of
Enterobacteriaceae in humans
& animals

A
  1. Major cause of gastro-intestinal infection (diarrhea & dehydration)
  2. Major cause of liver abscess
  3. 70% of urinary tract infection
  4. 33% of bacteremia &
    septicemia is caused by
    Enterobacteriaceae
  5. Major cause of meningitis
  6. Major cause of mastitis originated from environmental
    source in female animals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Enterobacteriaceae causes _______

A

diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

____/____ and ______ disturbance in diarrhea causes morbidities
and mortalities.

A

Acid/base, electrolyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

________ children die each day globally from. ___% of them will die due to diarrhea = _______ child deaths from diarrhea each year

A

2,195, 10, 801,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Virulence factors of
Enterobacteriaceae
* Surface structures (3)

A
  1. Capsule
  2. Flagella, fimbriae, adhesins and invesins
  3. Lipopolysaccharide is → endotoxin → pyrogenic/fever
     Intestinal adhesion,
     colonization,
     inflammation,
     fever,
     damage blood vessels; hence, causes ischemic necrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Virulence factors of
Enterobacteriaceae
* Enzymes (2)

A
  1. Catalase
  2. superoxide dismutase
    both = detoxify free radicals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Virulence factors of
Enterobacteriaceae
* Toxins and secreted substances (3)

A
  1. Hemolysins – kills host cells to make iron available for bacteria
  2. Siderophores/Enterobactin - Rob iron from the host cell
  3. Pathogenicity island on their genome encoding toxins,
    enzymes, and type three secretion systems (T3SS)
     Type 3 secretion system (T3SS) = syringe-like apparatus on
    their cell wall to directly
     inject bacterial enzymes,
     toxins,
     cytokine inhibitors into the host cells (a smart attacking
    method).
     Gram-positives do not
    have such a syringe-
    like apparatus.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Enterobacteriaceae enjoys antigenic diversity
using its lipopolysaccharide (O), flagella (H) & capsule (K) whilst attacking the
host using lipid A part of its LPS.

A
42
Q

Enterobacteriaceae have wide _______ diversity (antigenic
heterogeneity) within a species due to?

A

serotype, 1. somatic lipopolysaccharide (O) antigen
2. flagella (H) antigens
3. capsular (K) antigen

43
Q
A

Notes from images on this slide.

44
Q

Culture media for isolation, identification,
and growth of
Enterobacteriaceae
1. ______ agar
2. ________ agar (Most Gram ______ bacteria
cannot grow on this media as it has ?, except _______)
3. ______ ______ _____ (___) agar
4. _____ ______ _____ (____) agar

A

Blood, MacConkey, positive, bile salt
and crystal violet, Enterococcus, Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB), Triple Sugar Iron (TSI)

45
Q

Enterobacteriaceae is a global threat due to
_______ issue by contributing ____ genera to _______

A

AMR, 3, ESKAPE

46
Q
A
47
Q

Salmonella shares all characteristics that we
described for _________

A

Enterobacteriaceae

48
Q

Salmonella is
Gram ________ ____
* Unique characteristics
 ______ non-_____
 ______ negative
 Produce ______ _____ (___) gas that is a special tests
Salmonella; H2S
production (_______ ___ smell and providing _____ colonies)
 All motile by _____ flagella (except ?)
 no _____ = gamma hemolysis on ___ agar

A

negative, rods, Lactose, fermenter, Urease, hydrogen sulfide, H2S, rotten egg, black, peritrichous, S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum, hemolysis, blood

49
Q

Widely used culture media for isolation ofSalmonella

A
  1. MacConkey agar,
  2. Eosin methylene blue
  3. Selective culture media
    - Brilliant green agar
    - Salmonella and Shigella agar
50
Q

Selective enrichment growth media for isolation and identification of
Salmonella

A
51
Q

Salmonella habitat
Normal digestive tracts flora of:

A

 Mammals (humans, primates, domestic and wild herbivores,
carnivores, rodents)
 Birds (chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, pigeons, psittacines
(parrots), sparrows, starlings, pheasants, quail, guinea fowl,
partridges, peacocks)
 Reptiles (turtles, tortoises, snakes, lizards, chameleons, and
iguanas)
 amphibians
 Fish
 Invertebrates (insects, flies)

52
Q

__________ is normal flora of reptile and amphibian skin

A

S. Typhimurium

53
Q

Salmonella Transmission routes – entry vs. exit

A

Oral-fecal transmission route for entry and
exit, respectively
* Entry
 Infection occurs from ingestion of
bacteria with:
 water
 feed or
 food (eggs, milk, meat, fish)
* Exit
 feces
 One exception: Trans-ovarian
transmission to next generation in poultry
is possible e.g.
Salmonella Pullorum

54
Q

Salmonella has ____ species comprising of
about ______ serotypes

A

two, 2500

55
Q

All species of salmonella are motile with 5-10 peritrichous flagella

S. Gallinarum and
S. Pullorum are non-
motile (no flagella = no H antigen)

Salmonella has about 2500 serotypes based on:
 lipopolysaccharide (O) = 45-60 serotypes
 flagella protein (H) = 85 serotypes
 Over 2500
Salmonella serotypes by
combining 85 H x 45-60 O antigens

A
56
Q
A
57
Q

The 2500 serotypes of
Salmonella are classified into
two species…

A

S. enterica and
S. Bongori

58
Q

Clinically relevant
Salmonella belongs to
__________, which consists of ___ _______.

A

S.
enterica, 6 subspecies

59
Q

What are the 6 subspecies of Salmonella enterica

A
60
Q
A
61
Q
A
62
Q
A
63
Q

Salmonella is among the 7 priority diseases of the
_______ ______ ______ _____ (_____) in the USA

A

National Poultry Improvement Plan, NPIP

64
Q
A
65
Q
  1. The goal is to ban any shipment from a poultry farm or hatchery if they are positive
    to the above pathogens.
  2. Thus, before any shipment, be tested & free of the above pathogens as per USDA
    inspection service to ensure the interstate “clean” shipment program
A
66
Q

Salmonella Outbreak Linked to _____ _______

A

Wild Songbirds

67
Q
  • Birds can carry germs like ________ while looking _____ and _____.
  • Salmonella germs can spread ________ birds, to ____, and to ______.
  • _____ ____ can carry Salmonella and make people sick.
  • Always take steps to stay healthy around _____ ____ and ____ ____
A

Salmonella, healthy, clean, between, pets, people, Wild birds, wild birds, bird feeders

68
Q

Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-1, SPI-2 and other SPIs are present on the Virulence _____ or _______ of Salmonella. Both DNAs encoding Type ___
secretion systems (T3SS) and other dangerous toxins.

A

plasmid, Genome, 3

see slide 35

69
Q

Identify the 3 broad virulence factors for pathogenicity for Salmonella
A. Body structures for adhesion & binding

A
  1. Fimbriae (pili)
  2. Has 5-10 flagella
  3. Capsule (vi)
  4. Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin)
70
Q

Salmonella possess Fimbriae (pili) which are used for - ______ & ______ of __ and _______ for ______ gene transfer/sharing

A

adhesion, invasion, gut, conjugation, horizontal

71
Q

Salmonella possess ___-____ flagella which are used for?

A

5-10 flagella - motility, adhesion and flagella (H) antigenic variation

72
Q

Salmonella possess a capsule (___) which is used for?

A

adhesion, shield/protect Salmonella from antibodies, complement, & phagocytes

73
Q

Salmonella possess Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) which are used for?

A

Lipid A - adherence, intestinal colonization, induce
inflammation, fever, damage endothelium of blood vessels; hence causes ischemic necrosis (e.g.
gangrene in S. Dublin).

74
Q

The 3 broad virulence factors for pathogenicity
B. Enzymes for invasins

A
  1. catalase
  2. superoxide dismutase
  3. Siderophores - rob iron from host cell and transport it to bacteria
75
Q

Salmonella contain the enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase which are used to protect against?

A

host reactive oxygen species (ROS).

76
Q

Salmonella contain the enzyme Siderophores which function to rob _____ from ___ cells and transport it to bacteria.

A

iron, host

77
Q

The 3 broad virulence factors for pathogenicity
C. Toxins

A
78
Q

Steps/processes of
Salmonella infection & pathogenesis

A
79
Q

Virulence factors expressed for host cell invasion
and intracellular survival and multiplication

A
80
Q

Salmonella is an ______ pathogen with uptake into the ________ cells of the ____ _____ being required for pathogenesis.

A

intracellular, epithelial, GI tract

81
Q

Salmonella primarily affects the ______ and ______ ______ in adults, leading to _________ with limited systemic transloocation.

A

cecum, proximal colon, enterocolitis

82
Q

Once ingested how long is the incubation period for Salmonella?

A

7-14 days

83
Q

What cell types does Salmonella encounter once it reaches the submucosa?

A

Dendritic cells, MQs, enterocytes

84
Q

After reaching the submucosa, Salmonella bacteria travel to four different parts of the body - name these parts.
What happens after it reaches these parts of the body?

A

Peyers patches
Mesenterial lymph nodes
Reticulo-endothelial system
Blood stream
After it reaches the blood stream –> secondary infection.

85
Q

Secondary infection due to Salmonella affects which parts of the body?

A

Bone marrow
Liver
Spleen
Gallbladder = chronic reservoir
This leads to reinfection via bile excretion.

86
Q

What are the complications of Salmonella infection (gastroenteritis)?

A
  1. Toxic encephalopathy with myocarditis and hemodynamic shock
  2. Necrosis of Peyer’s patches with peritonitis and sepsis.
87
Q

The three forms of
Salmonella infection in farm animals,
pets, and poultry:

A

(a) silent, (b) enteritis & (c) systemic forms

88
Q

The silent form of Salmonella is also called the ____ (_____) form and causes _______ (______), _________, _______ and Salmonella shedding in the ______.

A

gut, enteric, enteritis, colic, dehydration, feces

89
Q

The vast majority of farm animals, pets, and poultry harbor Salmonella in a chronic carrier state in which parts of the body?
How is Salmonella then spread to other hosts?

A

Gallblader, mesenteric lymph nodes, tonsils, MQs, fibroblasts.
They shed it silently in their feces for months or years to infect others or relapse (common).

90
Q
A
91
Q
A
92
Q

Eneteric/colic diseases (acidosis, diarrhea, &
dehydration) + systemic disease + abortion

A
93
Q
A
94
Q
A
95
Q

How is Salmonella diagnosed?

A

Diagnosed by fecal culture followed by different biochemical tests.

96
Q

List and describe the steps of diagnosing Salmonella.

  1. Take sample and mix with ________ broth medium (___-_____ media).
  2. Transfer some of sample into _______ broth and ______ ________ broth.
  3. Transfer sample mixed with tretrathionate broth & selenite cyteine and mix with ______ _____ agar media and ______ and ______ media.
A

Lactose, non-selective, tetrathionate, selenite cyteine, brilliant green, salmonella, shigella

97
Q

How do you serotype for Salmonella?

A

Serotype using O and H antisera.

98
Q

Treatment with antimicrobials is controversial but
all agree on supportive fluid and electrolyte therapy

A
99
Q

The control and prevention of
Salmonella is
mainly linked to

A

control of fecal contamination

100
Q

List the ways to control and prevent salmonella (1)

A
101
Q

List the ways to control and prevent salmonella (2)

A

Bacteriology/Mycology (40 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions