Enterobacteriaceae & Salmonella Flashcards

1
Q

All Enterobacteriaceae are:

Gram stain?
Shape?
Catalase positive or negative?
Oxidase positive or negative?

A

Gram -
Rod shaped
Catalase positive
Oxidase negative

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2
Q

Enterobacteriaceae hide their cell wall (CW) by _____ _____

A

outer membrane

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3
Q

Enterobacteriaceae has ____ genera with a total of ____ species

A

68, 355

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4
Q

What can be seen here?

A

Enterobacteriaceae

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

Medically important eight bacterial genera
within Enterobacteriaceae include:

A

CEEK group is also called coliform bacteria b/c they ferment lactose.

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7
Q

The CEEK group are _______ fermentors
Which members of CEEK are Lactose positive?

A

lactose

Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Kiebsiella

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8
Q

SPY-Sh group are __________ ___-______.
Which members of SPY-Sh are Lactose negative?

A

lactose non-fermentors
Salomonella, yersinia, proteus
IMViC test mostly used in enterobac group. This is an abbreviation for the Indole test uses trytophan amino acid.
VP = ketone bodies, such as acetone

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9
Q

Which tests will help us determine the presence of Enterobacteriaceae?

A

Test for the presence of Lactose fermentation on MacConkey Agar.

Tests help us determine which bacteria cause disease in animals. These tests are:
1. Lactose fermentation (+/-)
2. H2S, CO2, or no as on TSA agar
3. Urease - if positive, they are proteins, if negative they are salmonella

If produce gas = citrobacter

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10
Q

If your MacConkey Agar turns pink, what does that mean?

A

Positive = pink colonies –> coliform bacteria

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11
Q

Which Enterobacteriaceae are considered to be “fast”?

A

Klebsiella, Enterobacter

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12
Q

Which Enterobacteriaceae are considered to be “slow”?

A

Citrobacter

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13
Q

If your MacConkey Agar turns pale, what does that mean?

A

Negative = pale colonies –> highly pathogenic bacteria.

You then test for H2S production on triple sugar iron (TSI).

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14
Q

Proteus and Salmonella are positive for?

A

H2S on triple sugar iron (TSI)

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15
Q

Proteus is Urease positive or negative?

A

positive

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16
Q

Salmonella is urease positive or negative?

A

negative

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17
Q

Yersinia is negative for ____ and _____, but positive for?

A

H2S, CO2, Ureas

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18
Q

Lactose positive bacteria are also called?

A

Coliform bacteria

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19
Q

Which Enterobacteriaceae are Indole positive?

A

Citrobacter

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20
Q

Which Enterobacteriaceae are Indole negative?

A

Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Salmonella, Yersinia, Proteus

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21
Q

Which bacteria are Voges-proskauer negative?

A

Citrobacter, Salmonella, Yersinia, Proteus (glucose)

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22
Q

Which bacteria are Voges-proskauer positive?

A

Klebsiella, enterobacter (acetoin)

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23
Q

Which Enterobacteriaceae are Citrate positive?

A

Yersinia
Proteus

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24
Q

Which Enterobacteriaceae are Citrate negative?

A

Salmonella
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Citrobacter

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25
Which Enterobacteriaceae are Urease negative?
Salmonella, enterobacter
26
Which Enterobacteriaceae are Urease positive
yersinia, proteus, klebsiella, citrobacter
27
Which Enterobacteriaceae produce H2S gas (black)?
Salmonella Proteus Citrobacter
28
Which Enterobacteriaceae produce CO2 gas (yellow) ?
Enterobacter Klebsiella Yersinia produces NO gas but is yellow in color.
29
All Enterobacteriaceae are _______ anaerobic * Non- ______ * Non- _____ forming * Grow on bile containing media (?) * Almost all are motile by flagella except the following: ?
Facultative, fastidious, spore, MacConkey agar, 1. Klebsiella 2. Shigella
30
The habitat of Enterobacteriaceae
They love small and large intestine
31
Live inside large and small intestine SEEK group in proteus live in the mouth, vulva area, teats of females
32
Enterobacteriaceae oral-fecal transmission route
 Entry – almost all of them by oral route by ingestion of contaminated food/feed & water (except Y. pestis: by flea bite)  Exit – feces, urine, milk, nasal discharge
33
Enterobacteriaceae  Commensal of digestive tract  Opportunistic diseases  Diarrhea  Urinary tract infection  Septicemia  Pneumonia  Meningitis
34
The greatest impact of Enterobacteriaceae in humans & animals
1. Major cause of gastro-intestinal infection (diarrhea & dehydration) 2. Major cause of liver abscess 3. 70% of urinary tract infection 4. 33% of bacteremia & septicemia is caused by Enterobacteriaceae 5. Major cause of meningitis 6. Major cause of mastitis originated from environmental source in female animals
35
Enterobacteriaceae causes _______
diarrhea
36
____/____ and ______ disturbance in diarrhea causes morbidities and mortalities.
Acid/base, electrolyte
37
________ children die each day globally from. ___% of them will die due to diarrhea = _______ child deaths from diarrhea each year
2,195, 10, 801,000
38
Virulence factors of Enterobacteriaceae * Surface structures (3)
1. Capsule 2. Flagella, fimbriae, adhesins and invesins 3. Lipopolysaccharide is → endotoxin → pyrogenic/fever  Intestinal adhesion,  colonization,  inflammation,  fever,  damage blood vessels; hence, causes ischemic necrosis
39
Virulence factors of Enterobacteriaceae * Enzymes (2)
1. Catalase 2. superoxide dismutase both = detoxify free radicals
40
Virulence factors of Enterobacteriaceae * Toxins and secreted substances (3)
1. Hemolysins – kills host cells to make iron available for bacteria 2. Siderophores/Enterobactin - Rob iron from the host cell 3. Pathogenicity island on their genome encoding toxins, enzymes, and type three secretion systems (T3SS)  Type 3 secretion system (T3SS) = syringe-like apparatus on their cell wall to directly  inject bacterial enzymes,  toxins,  cytokine inhibitors into the host cells (a smart attacking method).  Gram-positives do not have such a syringe- like apparatus.
41
Enterobacteriaceae enjoys antigenic diversity using its lipopolysaccharide (O), flagella (H) & capsule (K) whilst attacking the host using lipid A part of its LPS.
42
Enterobacteriaceae have wide _______ diversity (antigenic heterogeneity) within a species due to?
serotype, 1. somatic lipopolysaccharide (O) antigen 2. flagella (H) antigens 3. capsular (K) antigen
43
Notes from images on this slide.
44
Culture media for isolation, identification, and growth of Enterobacteriaceae 1. ______ agar 2. ________ agar (Most Gram ______ bacteria cannot grow on this media as it has ?, except _______) 3. ______ ______ _____ (___) agar 4. _____ ______ _____ (____) agar
Blood, MacConkey, positive, bile salt and crystal violet, Enterococcus, Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB), Triple Sugar Iron (TSI)
45
Enterobacteriaceae is a global threat due to _______ issue by contributing ____ genera to _______
AMR, 3, ESKAPE
46
47
Salmonella shares all characteristics that we described for _________
Enterobacteriaceae
48
Salmonella is Gram ________ ____ * Unique characteristics  ______ non-_____  ______ negative  Produce ______ _____ (___) gas that is a special tests Salmonella; H2S production (_______ ___ smell and providing _____ colonies)  All motile by _____ flagella (except ?)  no _____ = gamma hemolysis on ___ agar
negative, rods, Lactose, fermenter, Urease, hydrogen sulfide, H2S, rotten egg, black, peritrichous, S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum, hemolysis, blood
49
Widely used culture media for isolation ofSalmonella
1. MacConkey agar, 2. Eosin methylene blue 3. Selective culture media - Brilliant green agar - Salmonella and Shigella agar
50
Selective enrichment growth media for isolation and identification of Salmonella
51
Salmonella habitat Normal digestive tracts flora of:
 Mammals (humans, primates, domestic and wild herbivores, carnivores, rodents)  Birds (chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, pigeons, psittacines (parrots), sparrows, starlings, pheasants, quail, guinea fowl, partridges, peacocks)  Reptiles (turtles, tortoises, snakes, lizards, chameleons, and iguanas)  amphibians  Fish  Invertebrates (insects, flies)
52
__________ is normal flora of reptile and amphibian skin
S. Typhimurium
53
Salmonella Transmission routes – entry vs. exit
Oral-fecal transmission route for entry and exit, respectively * Entry  Infection occurs from ingestion of bacteria with:  water  feed or  food (eggs, milk, meat, fish) * Exit  feces  One exception: Trans-ovarian transmission to next generation in poultry is possible e.g. Salmonella Pullorum
54
Salmonella has ____ species comprising of about ______ serotypes
two, 2500
55
All species of salmonella are motile with 5-10 peritrichous flagella  S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum are non- motile (no flagella = no H antigen)  Salmonella has about 2500 serotypes based on:  lipopolysaccharide (O) = 45-60 serotypes  flagella protein (H) = 85 serotypes  Over 2500 Salmonella serotypes by combining 85 H x 45-60 O antigens
56
57
The 2500 serotypes of Salmonella are classified into two species...
S. enterica and S. Bongori
58
Clinically relevant Salmonella belongs to __________, which consists of ___ _______.
S. enterica, 6 subspecies
59
What are the 6 subspecies of Salmonella enterica
60
61
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63
Salmonella is among the 7 priority diseases of the _______ ______ ______ _____ (_____) in the USA
National Poultry Improvement Plan, NPIP
64
65
1. The goal is to ban any shipment from a poultry farm or hatchery if they are positive to the above pathogens. 2. Thus, before any shipment, be tested & free of the above pathogens as per USDA inspection service to ensure the interstate “clean” shipment program
66
Salmonella Outbreak Linked to _____ _______
Wild Songbirds
67
* Birds can carry germs like ________ while looking _____ and _____. * Salmonella germs can spread ________ birds, to ____, and to ______. * _____ ____ can carry Salmonella and make people sick. * Always take steps to stay healthy around _____ ____ and ____ ____
Salmonella, healthy, clean, between, pets, people, Wild birds, wild birds, bird feeders
68
Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-1, SPI-2 and other SPIs are present on the Virulence _____ or _______ of Salmonella. Both DNAs encoding Type ___ secretion systems (T3SS) and other dangerous toxins.
plasmid, Genome, 3 see slide 35
69
Identify the 3 broad virulence factors for pathogenicity for Salmonella A. Body structures for adhesion & binding
1. Fimbriae (pili) 2. Has 5-10 flagella 3. Capsule (vi) 4. Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin)
70
Salmonella possess Fimbriae (pili) which are used for - ______ & ______ of __ and _______ for ______ gene transfer/sharing
adhesion, invasion, gut, conjugation, horizontal
71
Salmonella possess ___-____ flagella which are used for?
5-10 flagella - motility, adhesion and flagella (H) antigenic variation
72
Salmonella possess a capsule (___) which is used for?
adhesion, shield/protect Salmonella from antibodies, complement, & phagocytes
73
Salmonella possess Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) which are used for?
Lipid A - adherence, intestinal colonization, induce inflammation, fever, damage endothelium of blood vessels; hence causes ischemic necrosis (e.g. gangrene in S. Dublin).
74
The 3 broad virulence factors for pathogenicity B. Enzymes for invasins
1. catalase 2. superoxide dismutase 3. Siderophores - rob iron from host cell and transport it to bacteria
75
Salmonella contain the enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase which are used to protect against?
host reactive oxygen species (ROS).
76
Salmonella contain the enzyme Siderophores which function to rob _____ from ___ cells and transport it to bacteria.
iron, host
77
The 3 broad virulence factors for pathogenicity C. Toxins
78
Steps/processes of Salmonella infection & pathogenesis
79
Virulence factors expressed for host cell invasion and intracellular survival and multiplication
80
Salmonella is an ______ pathogen with uptake into the ________ cells of the ____ _____ being required for pathogenesis.
intracellular, epithelial, GI tract
81
Salmonella primarily affects the ______ and ______ ______ in adults, leading to _________ with limited systemic transloocation.
cecum, proximal colon, enterocolitis
82
Once ingested how long is the incubation period for Salmonella?
7-14 days
83
What cell types does Salmonella encounter once it reaches the submucosa?
Dendritic cells, MQs, enterocytes
84
After reaching the submucosa, Salmonella bacteria travel to four different parts of the body - name these parts. What happens after it reaches these parts of the body?
Peyers patches Mesenterial lymph nodes Reticulo-endothelial system Blood stream After it reaches the blood stream --> secondary infection.
85
Secondary infection due to Salmonella affects which parts of the body?
Bone marrow Liver Spleen Gallbladder = chronic reservoir This leads to reinfection via bile excretion.
86
What are the complications of Salmonella infection (gastroenteritis)?
1. Toxic encephalopathy with myocarditis and hemodynamic shock 2. Necrosis of Peyer's patches with peritonitis and sepsis.
87
The three forms of Salmonella infection in farm animals, pets, and poultry:
(a) silent, (b) enteritis & (c) systemic forms
88
The silent form of Salmonella is also called the ____ (_____) form and causes _______ (______), _________, _______ and Salmonella shedding in the ______.
gut, enteric, enteritis, colic, dehydration, feces
89
The vast majority of farm animals, pets, and poultry harbor Salmonella in a chronic carrier state in which parts of the body? How is Salmonella then spread to other hosts?
Gallblader, mesenteric lymph nodes, tonsils, MQs, fibroblasts. They shed it silently in their feces for months or years to infect others or relapse (common).
90
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92
Eneteric/colic diseases (acidosis, diarrhea, & dehydration) + systemic disease + abortion
93
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95
How is Salmonella diagnosed?
Diagnosed by fecal culture followed by different biochemical tests.
96
List and describe the steps of diagnosing Salmonella. 1. Take sample and mix with ________ broth medium (___-_____ media). 2. Transfer some of sample into _______ broth and ______ ________ broth. 3. Transfer sample mixed with tretrathionate broth & selenite cyteine and mix with ______ _____ agar media and ______ and ______ media.
Lactose, non-selective, tetrathionate, selenite cyteine, brilliant green, salmonella, shigella
97
How do you serotype for Salmonella?
Serotype using O and H antisera.
98
Treatment with antimicrobials is controversial but all agree on supportive fluid and electrolyte therapy
99
The control and prevention of Salmonella is mainly linked to
control of fecal contamination
100
List the ways to control and prevent salmonella (1)
101
List the ways to control and prevent salmonella (2)