Actinobacteria I Flashcards
Actinomyces
Actinobaculum
Aracnobacterium is now known as Trueperella pyogenes.
Nocardia
Dermatophilus
Bacteria colony shows ________ formation and _________ lesions in infected animals (they were considered as fungi).
filamentous, granulomatous
These four bacteria belong to the same family, Actinobacteria
Nocardia, Actinomyces, Dermatophilus, and Actinobaculum
Thermophilic Actinobacteria:
Cows can develop what type of hypersensitivity when ingesting this bacteria?
Saccharoplyspora rectivirgula
Type III
Gram _____ bacteria, many species with _____ filaments.
positive, branching
Relatively ______ growth on laboratory media.
slow
Opportunistic pathogens producing diverse ____________ responses.
inflammatory
Actinomyces, Arcanobacterium, and Actinobaculum species
1. _______ or ________ anaerobic
2. morphologically _________
3. _____-____ forming, ___-____.
4. Modified _______-________ negative.
5. Colonize _______ membranes.
anaerobic, facultatively, heterogenous, non-spore, non-motile, Zieh-Neelsen, mucous
Nocardia Species
1. ______, non-motile
2. Spores from _____ filaments
3. Growth on ________ dextrose agar
4. Modified _____-_______-positive
5. _____ saprophytes
Aerobic, aerial, Sabourand, Ziehl-Neelsen, Soil
What grows well in this media Sabouraud ? Fungi
Dermatophilus congolensis
1. ______ and capnophilic
2. _____ zoospores
3. No growth on ________ dextrose agar
4. Found in ____ and in ____ on skin of carrier animals
Aerobic, Motile, Sabouraud, scabs, foci
Compared arcanobacterium pyogenes to nocardia species
Trueperella pyogenes (Arcanobacterium pyogenes)
nasopharyngeal mucosa
Actinobaculum suis
preputial mucosa
Actinomyces bovis
oropharynx mucosa
Actinomyces hordeovulneris
unknown
trueperella blood agar?
Trueperella?
filaments of actinomyosis; characteristic of this bacteria’
Arcanobacterium pyogenes, aka Trueperella pyogenes, hosts?
Cattle, sheep. pigs
Arcanobacterium pyogenes
Disease conditions
Abscessation, mastitis, suppurative pneumonia, endometritis, pyometra, arthritis, umbilical infections
Trueperella pyogenes
Worldwide –>
Cattle, pigs, sheep
Trueperella pyogenes
Gram-________, ________
positive, pleomorphic
Trueperella pyogenes _____-_____-forming, non-_____, non-_______, _______ anaerobic ____, which is characterized by a _______ metabolism and strong ________ activity.
Non, spore, motile, capsulated, facultative, rod, fermentative, proteolytic
Trueperella pyogenes
__________ pathogen
Opportunistic
Trueperella pyogenes
This bacterium has been isolated from the wall of ______ ______ and _____ _______, as a gastrointestinal _______ and from the ______ of clinically healthy cows.
bovine rumen, swine stomachs, microbiota, udders
Trueperella pyogenes
Mainly causing _________ lesions
suppurative
Trueperella pyogenes
Any organ may be affected by?
lymphadenitis, osteomyelitis, peritonitis, neural abscess, pyometra, mastitis…
Trueperella pyogenes
Pathogenesis
• Exogenous infection
• Mechanical injuries of skin and mucous membranes
sulfur granules = bovis, viscosus = white
characteristic appearnace of pus
Differnt proteins on cell menrvane of bacteria promotes adhesion of bacteria to epithelial cells. Once attached, produced toxi proteases to enter
Bacteria migrate through epithelial and stroma cells, stroma cells promotes phagocytic cells to enter area (neutrophil aka segmented nuclei) and MQ and DC. Chemokines are released to attract more inflammatory cells to site of infection.
What can be seen here?
Abscess in mandible.
“Lumpy Jaw”
Abscess. Once opened, releases content, mainly puss, and the puss may have some granules.
What can be seen in this image here?
Cow with Mastitis
Lambs: abscess located on neck.
What can be seen in this image?
Pus formation/ granuloma formation
Fibrin in the thoracic cavity
Pus in thoracic cavity; fibrin
What can be seen in this image?
Lungs has multi abscesses as well.
Granulomas present in lung tissue.
MQ from diagnosing trueperella pyogenes
How do you diagnose Trueperella pyogenes?
- Clinical signs
- Samples from sick animals
- Histopathology
- Blood and MacConkey Agar
- PCR
What samples do you collect from animals suffering from Trueperella pyogenes?
Exudates, aspirates, tissue samples –> culture and histopathology
Histopathology - Trueperella Pyogenes
Filamentous organisms surrounded by eosinophilic club-shaped structures.
Trueperella Pyogenes Vaccines
• Whole cells of Trueperella pyogenes or culture supernatant. • Recombinant: Fimbria H, PLO, Leukotoxin.
• DNA vaccine
• Autovaccine = Take sample of affected animal and then give to other animals in the same farm. By isolating the bacteria from the affected animal, and making vaccine from said sample, you can give to other animals in the farm.
Canine actinomycosis is also called
Actinomyces viscosus
Canine actinomycosis results in …
Subcutaneous pyogranulomatous lesions and extensive fibrovascular proliferation on the peritoneal or pleural surfaces with sanguine-purulent exudate in the affected cavity.
Canine actinomycosis
Clinical sign
Respiratory distress
Canine actinomycosis
Treatment
Penicillin
Bovine actinomycosis (lumpy jaw) is also called
Actinomyces bovis
Bovine actinomycosis (lumpy jaw) is the result of?
Infected trauma or lesion of the oral mucosa or dental alveoli
Bovine actinomycosis (lumpy jaw) results in?
Swelling of the bone, then fistulous tracts discharge purulent exudate
How do you diagnose lumpy jaw?
Clinical signs
X-rays
How do you treat lumpy jaw?
Penicillin
What can be seen here?
Bovine actinomycosis (lumpy jaw)
Characteristic filaments (gross)
Bovine actinomycosis (lumpy jaw)
Filamentous bacteria
mandible is affected; lesion may be opened and contents drain out
d
danage of mandible
extensive damage of ramus of mandible
cavities formed in mandible
filamentous contents
Porcine cystitis is caused by?
Actinobaculum suis
Porcine cystitis is isolated from _____ and ______ _______.
prepuce, preputial diverticulum
Porcine cystitis results in?
Anorexia, arching of the back, dysuria and hematuria
• May affect kidneys, if severely affected death may result
Nocardia species
Gram ________, _______, ________ actinobacteria, ________ morphology
positive, aerobic, saprophytic, filamentous
Nocardia species
______ agar, culture medium with ______-______ extract
Blood, charcoal, yeast
Nocardia species
Colonies are _____, _______ and _____ adherent to the agar
• Colonies are variably ________ and ______
white, powdery, firmly, haemolytic, odourless
Nocardia species
Subculture on to _________ dextrose agar yields dry, wrinkled, orange - colored colonies after incubation for up to 5 days
Sabouraud
Nocardia species - Clinical infections
_______ and _______ infections in dogs
__________ in cattle –> infection is sporadic
________ in sows
___________ is an important predisposing factor
Cutaneous, systemic, Mastitis, Abortion, Immunosuppression
Skin in the cat, lesion at the base of the ear
Abscess/granuloma in the heart and lungs.
Filamentous filaments which is why nocardia was previously considered to be a fungi.
Lesions in the brain - rare but happens
Nocardia species - Dogs
Disease conditions
Nocardia species - Cattle
Disease Conditions
Chronic mastitis
Abortion
Bovine farcy
Nocardia species - Pigs
Disease Conditions
Nocardia conditions - Sheep, goats, horses
Disease conditions
Canine nocardiosis
Infections in dogs –> ?
- _______, ________ and ______ forms of the disease are recognized –> ?
inhalation, through skin wounds or by ingestion.
Thoracic, cutaneous, disseminated
Fever, anorexia and respiratory distress.
Canine nocardiosis
In the case of the thoracic cavity, Fibrovascular proliferative reaction on the pleura and sanguinopurulent fluid accumulates in the thoracic cavity.
Canine nocardiosis
The cutaneous form –> ?
ulcer or as a granulomatous swelling with discharging fistulous tracts.
Canine nocardiosis
The disseminated form –> ?
in dogs less than 12 months of age, clinical signs are non - specific and are referable to the organ system mainly affected.
Canine nocardiosis
Treatment
Amikacin, cotrimoxazole
Bovine farcy (Nocardia farcinica)
Bovine nocardiosis, is limited to the ______.
tropics
Bovine farcy is a ______ infection of ______ _______ vessels and _______ ______.
chronic, superficial, lymphatic, lymph nodes
Bovine farcy
Early lesions consist of _____ _______ nodules, often on the _____ aspect of the ____ and on the ____. These nodules enlarge _____ and ______ to form swellings, up to ___ cm in diameter, which rarely ______.
small, cutaneous, medial, legs, neck, slowly, coalesce, 10, ulcerate
Bovine farcy
The lymphatic vessels may become ________ and ____ - like. Internal organs may be affected occasionally and the condition is important because lesions resemble those of tuberculosis.
thickened, cord
Lesions are present on head and neck
Lymphatic vessels become enlarged
normal lymph node on left, affected one on right.
Multi lymph nodes/lymph tissue that is enlarged. Lymphatic vessels connecting affected lymph nodes also swell.
Dermatophilus congolensis
________, most common in _____ and ______ regions
Worldwide, tropical, subtropical
Dermatophilus congolensis
Gram ________, _______, produces _____ ______ zoospores
+, filamentous, motile, coccal
Dermatophilus congolensis
Organisms ______ in the skin –> _______ zoospores may become _______ ( ______ and ______)
persist, dormant, activated, moisture, temperature
Dermatophilus congolensis
_______ and ________ conditions are favorable for infection –> _____ inflammatory response and ____-_______ in the ______.
Trauma, wetting, acute, micro, abscesses, epidermis
Dermatophilus congolensis
Current diseases and _____ increase host susceptibility
pregnancy
Crust affecting ruminants due to presence of ?
Lesion gets infected due to temperature.
Dermatophilus congolensis
Clinical Infection
• Prevalent and often more severe in young animals.
• Zoospores are most often transmitted by direct contact with infected
animals and blood - sucking insects
• Heavy prolonged rainfall in association with warm environmental temperatures can result in lesions predominantly affecting the dorsum of farm animals
• lesions may be extensive and deaths may occasionally occur, particularly in calves and lambs.
MQ
Filamenoutous round spores still attached to colony but eventually when separated they develop a filament in spore.
Filamentous filaments which is why nocardia was previously considered to be a fungi.
Diagnostic
• Samples scab material and samples of skin fixed in formalin.
• Smears from the undersurface of scabs or from softened scab material, stained
by the Giemsa method, reveal the characteristic branching fi laments containing
zoospores
• Colonies are up to 1 mm in diameter, yellow and haemolytic. When incubated for
3 to 4 days, they become rough, golden - yellow and embedded in the agar
• PCR
• Treatment: Oxytetracycline
• Control: Depending on geographical location and climatic factors; they are based
on minimizing the effects of predisposing factors and early treatment of clinical
cases.