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Bacteriology/Mycology > Campylobacter_Helicobacter_Arcobacter > Flashcards

Campylobacter_Helicobacter_Arcobacter Flashcards

1
Q

Is this problem likely to be due to:
1. C. fetus subsp. fetus
2. C. jejuni
3. C. upsaliensis
4. C. fetus supsp. venerealis
5. Any of the above

A

C.

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2
Q

Genus: Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Arcobacter, &
Lawsonia are all?

A

Genital and GI pathogens/commensal.
Some are potential pathogens of the UPPER GI tract.

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3
Q

Campylobacter: Phenotypic Characteristics
1. Gram-______
2. Slender _____-shaped or _____ rods
3. Motile by means of ____ flagella
4. Non-____
5. ________ (unlike Arcobacter, which are aerotolerant)
◦ Normal atmospheric oxygen tension is too high (20%) & toxic
◦ Need 3 to 15% O 2, and 3-5% CO 2
6. Selective (_____) media such as?
7. Some species grow at ___°C (C. jejuni)
8. Oxidase + (unlike Vibrio), urease – (unlike Helicobacter)

A
  1. negative
  2. comma, curved
  3. polar
  4. hemolytic
  5. Microaerophilic
  6. antibiotic, Clark, Duffy, Skirrow, etc
  7. 42
    8.
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4
Q

Describe the morphology & Staining of Campylobacter

A

Gram negative curved, coma,
spiral & seagull shaped rods

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5
Q

List the pathogenic species of Campylobacter. Which are zoonotic? What conditions do they result in?

A

fetus, venerealis, jejuni, coli, lawsonia, no upsaliensis, less pathogenic no, bovine abortion

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6
Q

C. fetus ss fetus causes?

A

Septicemia and abortion

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7
Q

C. fetus ss venerealis causes?

A

Epizootic Bovine Infertility

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8
Q

C. jejuni and C. coli cause?

A

Diarrhea and enterocolitis

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9
Q

Lawsonia intracellularis causes?

A

Proliferative enteropathy

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10
Q

C. upsaliensis causes?

A

Diarrhea (sometimes)
Is rare!

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11
Q

List the less or non-pathogenic species of Campylobacter

A

“Hi Sexy Little Harry”

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12
Q

List the CLO-Campylobacter-like organisms

A

Arcobacter* (bovine abortion)

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13
Q

Campylobacter fetus subsp.
venerealis is an ____ parasite of bovine ____ tract.
1. How is the disease transmitted? How are young bulls affected? Older bulls?
2. What does the infection result in?
3. How would you describe the placenta?
4. What may result from this disease?

A

obligate, genital
1. Venereal transmission
◦ Young bulls are transient carriers
◦ Older bulls may be permanent carriers
2. Infection: the placenta and fetus become infected;
sometimes with abortion (<10%) or death of newborn.
3. Placenta is hemorrhagic and edematous
4. Metritis and infertility may result, with bacteria shed from uterus

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14
Q

Bulls infected with Campylobacter fetus are?

A

Asymptomatic

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15
Q

Describe the infection process associated with Campylobacter fetus?

A

Following transmission, the bacteria colonize the female
reproductive tract in an ascending manner: moving from the
vagina, to the cervix, uterus, and oviducts

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Campylobacter fetus?

A

Clinical signs (bovine genital campylobacteriosis)
◦ Endometritis within 2 weeks of exposure
◦ Reduced conception rate resulting in “Repeat Breeders”

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17
Q

List and describe the virulence factors associated with C. fetus subsp. venerealis.

A _____________ micro-_______ is present, called the ___-layer
(surface array proteins).
This layer makes the bacterium _______-resistant and
___________-resistant through inhibition of _____________
binding (_____) and blocking binding of _____ antibody
____-layer may antigenically phase vary to avoid host
____________.

A

A proteinaceous micro-capsule is present, called the S-layer
(surface array proteins)
This S-layer makes the bacterium serum-resistant and
phagocytosis-resistant through inhibition of complement
binding (C3b) and blocking binding of LPS antibody
S-layer may antigenically phase vary to avoid host
recognition

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18
Q

In the case of C. fetus subsp. venerealis the ____-antigen and __________ are stable (___________ result in immobilization).
___ -layer can change to elude specific antibodies (____), but a pool of ______________ antigens can be protective.

Vaccination effective for ________ and _________.
___________ __________ is the best preventive measure.

A

The O-antigen and flagella are stable (antibodies result in immobilization)
S -layer can change to elude specific antibodies (IgA), but a pool of heterogeneous antigens can be protective
Vaccination effective for therapy and prophylaxis
Artificial insemination best preventive measure

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19
Q

How would you diagnose a patient with C. fetus subsp. venerealis? What is the one caveat ?

  1. _______ (remember, __________!) 10% CO 2 /5% O 2
    ◦ 37°C
    2.__________ __________ test to detect bacteria in tissues
  2. _____/ _____ probes; _______ not usually used
  3. _________ _________ TEST NOT RELIABLE!
    ◦ Not all infected animals develop _______ (low _______)
    ◦ Most cattle have “____-___” antibodies (low _________)
A

Culture, microaerophilic, Fluorescent antibody, PCR, DNA, Serology, SERUM AGGLUTINATION, antibodies, sensitivity, O-ag, specificity

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20
Q

How would you treat and vaccinate a patient with C. fetus subsp. venerealis?

A

Dihydrostreptomycin intrauterine for cows and
systemically or topically for bulls.
Infected cows and cows at risk should be
vaccinated once ~4 weeks before breeding starts.
Cows should be revaccinated halfway through the
breeding season. Bulls should also be vaccinated
twice 3 weeks apart.
Due to phase variation of S-layer, efficacy of
vaccine is questionable

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

C. fetus subsp. fetus (intestinalis) infection in cattle is ______. If infected, it causes:
◦ ________ abortion
◦ Occurs during _______ half of gestation
◦ May also cause _____

A

rare
◦ Sporadic abortion
◦ Occurs during second half of gestation
◦ May also cause infertility

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23
Q

Describe the disease associated with C. fetus subsp. fetus (intestinalis) infection in sheep.

Disease in sheep - ________ ________
◦ ____________
◦ High _________ rate (____-____%) resulting from _______
◦ ___________
◦ Previously called __________

A

Disease in sheep -Enzootic Abortion
◦ Bacteremia
◦ High abortion rate (25-70%) resulting from placentitis
◦ Metritis
◦ Previously called vibriosis

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24
Q

Where do infections caused by C. fetus subsp. fetus (intestinalis) occur?

A

Infections occur in genital tract following bacteremia

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25
Q

List the carrier species of C. fetus subsp. fetus (intestinalis) and the location in which the bacterium reside.

A

Carriers (GI tract) include birds and asymptomatic animals within the
herd (Cattle, sheep & Humans)

26
Q

Can humans contract C. fetus subsp. fetus (intestinalis)?

A

Enteric and systemic infections in humans (Rare) ZOONOTIC!

27
Q

C. fetus subsp. fetus (intestinalis)

  1. Protein antigens (~____-____ kDa form an ___-layer) are also important (same virulence factors as _________________. Serovars A-2 and B based on “___” antigens
  2. Primarily inhabits what part of the body?
  3. How is it transmitted?
A
  1. Protein antigens (~99-135 kDa form an S-layer) are also important (same virulence factors as C. fetus venerealis
    Serovars A-2 and B based on “O” antigens
  2. Primarily inhabits the GI tract, not the genital tract
  3. Transmission via
    ◦ Ingestion of infectious material and contaminated feed and water
    ◦ NO VENEREAL TRANSMISSION
28
Q

Describe the gross lesions associated with C. fetus subsp. fetus (intestinalis)?

A
29
Q

In the case of C. fetus subsp. fetus, ___________-specific (___________) immunity is based on _____
The S-layer protein antigens ___ and _____:
◦ Both serotypes prevalent in the United States
◦ Vaccine should include ______ antigens
◦ Antibodies (including intestinal ____, and systemic ____ and
_____ may be protective.
Rare, but severe, systemic infections in __________ _______!!!

A

Serotype-specific (vaccination) immunity is based
on LPS
S-layer protein antigens 1 and 5
◦ Both serotypes prevalent in the United States
◦ Vaccine should include both antigens
◦ Antibodies (including intestinal IgA, and systemic IgG and
IgM may be protective
Rare, but severe, systemic infections in HUMAN BEINGS!!!

30
Q

How would you diagnose a patient with C. fetus subsp. fetus?

  1. Lesions
    ◦ Placental _______
    ◦ _______ changes
    ◦ _____________, fibrinous _________ with edema
    ◦ _______-tinged fetal fluids
    ◦ ________ _______ necrosis
  2. Isolation and identification
    ◦ ______________ (3-10% O 2 + CO 2), 37 °C
    ___________ antibody staining of _________ impression smears
A

Lesions
◦ Placental edema
◦ Fetal changes
◦ Necrotizing, fibrinous arteritis with edema
◦ Blood-tinged fetal fluids
◦ Focal hepatic necrosis
Isolation and identification
◦ Microaerophilic (3-10% O 2 + CO 2), 37 °C
Fluorescent antibody staining of cotyledon impression
smears

31
Q

How would you treat a patient suffering from C. fetus subsp. fetus?

______________, can combine with _____________ or use
_________________ to eliminate the carrier state.
____________ are also available for vaccination.

A

Streptomycin, can combine with penicillin or use
chlortetracycline to eliminate the carrier state.
Bacterins available for vaccination.

32
Q

Describe what can be seen in these images?

A
33
Q
  1. C. jejuni, C. coli, and “
    C. lari” are found in?
  2. How are they transmitted?
  3. What diseases do they cause?
A
  1. Present in intestinal tracts of domestic and wild animals (10% dogs, 5% cats,
    50% chickens, 5 to 100% of cattle)
  2. Highly infectious- Oral transmission
  3. Diseases
    ◦ Enteritis in calves, sheep, dogs, (cats), foals and HUMANS
    BEINGS (enteritis often associated with blood)
    ◦ Bovine mastitis (shed in milk)
    ◦ Abortions in sheep
    ◦ Infectious hepatitis in chickens
34
Q

C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. lari cause what disease in calves, sheep, dogs, cats, foals, and humans?

A

Enteritis (often associated with blood in humans)

35
Q

C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. lari cause what disease in bovine?

A

Bovine mastitis (shed in milk).

36
Q

C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. lari cause what disease in sheep?

A

Abortions

37
Q

C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. lari cause what disease in chickens?

A

Infectious hepatitis

38
Q

C. jejuni, C. coli, and “C. lari” possess ____ with ___-_______________ acid; other sugar chains mimic _______
antigens
_____-enterotoxin (________;_________ ________)
Cytotoxin- ________-like toxin, _________ etc.

A

LOS, N-acetylneuraminic, human, LT, Cytotoxin, adenylate cyclase, Shiga, hemolysin

39
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of C. jejuni, C. coli, and “C. lari.”

A

Disease is initiated by the bacterium penetrating the mucosal layer and infecting enterocytes
Attachment mediated by pili, fibronectin binding protein, lipoprotein,
possibly flagella, and LOS
The bacteria reach deeper tissues via motility and survive in
professional phagocytes, such as macrophages, and other cells, which
may in part be due to production of superoxide dismutase and
catalase (inhibit oxidative radicals)

40
Q

Describe what can be seen in these images?

A
41
Q

List the growth characteristics of C. jejuni, C. coli, and “C. lari.”

A
42
Q

What would you base your diagnosis of C. jejuni off of? Explain.
1. What is and isn’t reliable?

A
  1. Clinical signs
    ◦ Fever
    ◦ Abdominal pain
    ◦ Nausea and vomiting
    ◦ Blood in feces
    “Fevers Are Nauseating & Vile, Bitch”
  2. Culture and identification
    ◦ Selective medium (Skirrow’s for example)
    ◦ Incubate at 42°C; microaerophilic
    Excellent Multiplex PCR based diagnosis
    Serology not reliable
43
Q

How would you treat a patient suffering from C. jejuni? Method of controlling infection/spread?

A

*Campylobacter (antibiotics not usually used):
Erythromycin or clindamycin
Gentamicin
Tylocin
Tetracyclines
cephalosporins
Fluroquinolones are not drugs of choice for some species
*Arcobacter:
Tetracyclines

Control: In Kennels and catteries: meticulous hygiene

44
Q

C. upsaliensis-common in _____ and ______, may be ________
◦___________ __________ toxin (_____) has been demonstrated

A

Dogs, cats, zoonotic, Cytolethal distending, CDT

45
Q

C. hyointestinalis and C. mucosalis -has been associated
with _____________ ___________ and _____________ ____________ in
pigs and has been isolated from a variety of animals
◦ May also produce ____ and be _______

A

proliferative enteritis, intestinal adenomatosis, CDT, zoonotic

46
Q

PUBLIC HEALTH
C. fetus ss fetus, C. jejuni, C. coli are present in the _________ _________ of domestic and wild animals.
Sources?
_________ infectious (only 500 cfu infective dose)
_____ transmission
Diseases
◦_______ & ________ infections in HUMANS mainly due to C. fetus ss fetus
◦ Enteritis only due to which strains?
◦ Major cause of infectious ________ _________

A
  1. intestinal tracts
  2. Dogs & Cats, Poultry, Meat & Milk
  3. Highly
  4. Oral
  5. Enteric & systemic
  6. C. jejuni, C. coli & C. lari
  7. food poisoning
47
Q

Campylobacter : Treatment & Control
_______________ (USUALLY NOT USED for infections of _____ animals!)
◦ Penicillin and streptomycin may __________ _______ in bovine disease
◦ __________ and _________ irrigation with streptomycin
◦ Tetracycline to reduce ______ ________
◦________________ (________) was approved for poultry, but now banned by FDA
____________ care for enteritis
Control
◦ Use ___________ __________ (strain?)
◦ Prompt removal of _______ materials (strain?)
◦ _____ carrier bulls
◦ Maintain ______ environment
◦ ____________ may eliminate bull carrier state for C. fetus venerealis
◦ Difficult to eliminate ________________, but bacterins available

A

Antimicrobials, farm, decrease losses, Uterine, prepucial, ovine, abortion, Fluroquinalones (Baytril), Supportive, artificial insemination, C. fetus ss. fetus, aborted, C. fetus ss. fetus, Cull, clean, Bacterins, C. fetus ss fetus

48
Q

Helicobacter species
H. pylori (human _________, stomach _______, and ________)
___ species; ____ have been isolated from human disease

Name the strains found in dogs, cats, & swine that can cause enteritis, gastritis, and ulcers (particularly in human
beings and swine).
_____________ and ____________ in rodent colonies are a cause of hepatitis

UREASE ________

Effective treatment available
◦__________ ________ (_________ ________) in combination with metronidazole and amoxicillin or tetracycline treatment of choice

A

gastritis, ulcers, carcinoma, 34, 14

H. pylori, H. felis, “H. heilmanii” (H. suis), H. salomonis

H. hepaticus and H. bilis

+

Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto Bismol)

49
Q

Helicobacter species identified in animals
Gastric Helicobacter species
◦ 13 species identified, 6 can infect humans
Enterohepatic Helicobacter species
◦ 21 species identified, 8 can infect humans

A
50
Q

Dogs and cats
1. Species associated with gastritis in cats ?
2. Species associated with gastritis in dogs ?
3. Clinical symptoms?

A
  1. H. felis, H. canis,“H. heilmannii”, H. pylori,
  2. H. felis, H. canis, “H. heilmannii” H. salomonis, H. rappini, H. bilis
  3. Vomiting, regurgitation, abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea, weight loss, malaise, and poor condition
51
Q

H. hepaticus and H. bilis are the only documented ______ pathogens in this genus. These two pathogens are known to decimate ________ ________ colonies and _________ facilities.
Both species cause _________, but only ____ ___________ —> in ____________ _________.

A

animal, rodent, research, breeding, hepatitis, H. hepaticus, hepatic neoplasia

52
Q

Helicobacter suis is associated with _______ in ____. H. Suis was previously known as?
May also cause disease in ______.

A

gastritis, pigs, H. heilmannii type 1, humans

53
Q

Arcobacter
1. __________ and grows at ___°C
2. List the 3 strains of arcobacter that cause enteritis and late term abortions in livestock and dogs; low grade mastitis. These species are likely to also cause disease in _______ and are zoonotic.
◦ Can be isolated from _________ and _________ in _________ media at 25°C, but may take up to ___ weeks; subculture growth to _____ agar under _________ conditions
◦ _________ motility, morphology, growth in ______ air, and growth on ________ selective media (CIN) is presumptive for Arcobacter.
Differentiate from Campylobacter by _______ tests and
_________, but subtle.
Best identification is by _____-based tests of 16S rDNA sequence

A

Aerotolerant, 30, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, A. butsleri, & A. skirrowii, humans, discharges, tissues, leptospiral, 5, blood, microaerophilic, Darting, ambient, Yersinia, phenotypic, aerotolerance, PCR

54
Q
A
55
Q

Other Pathogenic Campylobacter-Like Organisms
Lawsonia intracellularis lives only ______ epithelial cells and cultivated in epithelial cell cultures (________ ______ pathogen)
◦ Causes _________ intestinal enteropathy in animals most notably in ______ and ______ ( _____ ____ disease).
◦ Affects _____ ___ to ___ weeks old

Other names for Lawsonia intracellularis disease include:
Can also cause?

A

inside, obligate intracellular, proliferative, swine, hamsters, wet, tail, pigs, 6, 20

proliferative enteritis, porcine intestinal adenomatosis,
proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy, ileitis, wet-tail disease, and intestinal adenomatous hyperplasia

chronic diarrhea

56
Q

Disease Manifestations caused by L. Intracellularis
1. Name the two major forms

Overall, there is a loss of normal _____ structure and
replacement with ________ epithelium

A
  1. Acute hemorrhagic enteropathy and diarrhea —> Sudden death of replacement animals and those close to market age. Also, Chronic mild diarrhea and reduced growth.
  2. vilus, glandular
57
Q

What is pictured below?

A

Classic lesions of Swine Proliferative Enteropathy

58
Q

Diagnosis of L. Intracellularis is based on?
◦ _____ history
◦ _____ pathology
◦ ________________ (proliferation of _________ and intracellular bacteria)
◦ Isolation and identification using ____ _____
(not practical)
◦ _________ antibody
◦ _____

A

Herd, Gross, Histopathology, enterocytes, cell culture, Fluorescent, PCR

59
Q

Control and Treatment of L. Intracellularis
Prevent introduction of ______ animals
◦ _____ available
________ in feed (not popular these days)
◦ Carbodox, spectinomycin, and tylosin
_______ ________ vaccine available and efffective

A

carrier, ELISA, Antibiotics, Live attenuated

60
Q

Campylobacter et al.: Summary
Comma-shaped or curved, gram-negative rods that require reduced O 2
tension (3 to 15%) for growth
Motility by polar flagella, often grown on Skirrow’s media at 42◦C
C. fetus ss. venerealis
◦ Obligate parasite, venereal transmission
◦ Reduced conception and early abortion in cows
◦ “O” and “S- layer” cell wall antigens, vaccination for therapy and
prophylaxis
◦ Several diagnostic techniques; serum agglutination not reliable
(non-specific)

A
61
Q

Campylobacter et al.: Summary
C. fetus ss. fetus (same as C. fetus ss.intestinalis)
◦ Abortion in cattle and sheep (vibriosis in sheep) transmitted by INGESTION of
infected materials, NO VENEREAL TRANSMISSION
◦ Diagnosed by isolation and identification or by fluorescence antibody of
cotyledon smears
◦ Serotype-specific vaccines available
C. fetus ss fetus and C. jejuni etc.
◦ ZOONOTIC enteritis, bovine mastitis, contagious ovine abortion and infectious
hepatitis in chickens
◦ Low numbers of organisms necessary for infection
Other pathogenic species: L. intracellularis, A. butsleri, C. upsaliensis etc.
Treatment options; control through culling and artificial insemination

A
62
Q

________– the original curved rod
Vibrio cholera
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, and Vibrio alginolyticus

A

Vibrio

Bacteriology/Mycology (40 decks)

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