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Bacteriology/Mycology > Chlamydiales, Rickettsiales, Mycoplasma > Flashcards

Chlamydiales, Rickettsiales, Mycoplasma Flashcards

1
Q

List the following bacterium in size order:

Chlamydiales
Rickettsiales
Coxiella
Mycoplasma

A

In size: Chlamydiales > Rickettsiales > Coxiella >
Mycoplasma

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2
Q

Chlamydiales, Rickettsiales, Mycoplasma are all _____-cellular pathogens of animals (& _______).

A

intra, arthropod

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3
Q

Chlamydiales, Rickettsiales, Mycoplasm all infect diverse _________ species. Rickettsiales infect _________.

A

vertebrate, arthropods

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4
Q

Chlamydiales, Rickettsiales, Mycoplasm are ____________ ________ bacteria. However, _________ lives both in
intracellular and extracellular.

A

obligate intracellular, Mycoplasma

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5
Q

Rickettsiales transmit themselves by?

A

blood-sucking arthropod

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6
Q

Cell membrane = permeable, porous so they are unable to hold water and electrolytes so need to enter host cytoplasm to receive benefits of our cell membranes in order to maintain osmotic pressure.

Since do not produce sufficient ATP, AA, cholesterol, they steal our resources.

A
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7
Q

Why do Chlamydiales, Rickettsiales, and Mycoplasm seek an intracellular
lifestyle in animal cells?

A
  1. Comfortable home that protects them as their cell membrane is highly permeable
  2. ATP shortage
  3. Cholesterol demand

Cell membrane = permeable, porous so they are unable to hold water and electrolytes so need to enter host cytoplasm to receive benefits of our cell membranes in order to maintain osmotic pressure.

Since do not produce sufficient ATP, AA, cholesterol, they steal our resources.

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8
Q

List the culture media and growth requirements for Chlamydiales, Rickettsiales and Mycoplasma.

A

They need a living cell
culture to grow them
1. Grow on bacteriological culture media, but highly fastidious.
2. Slow growing, thus, cause
chronic disease (maybe cancer?)

Can’t leave cytoplasm, so can only grow on cell culture.

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9
Q
A

Mycoplasma can grow on powder but it is highly fastidious; need to make it very rich in nutrients particularly cholesterol, AA, ATP.

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10
Q

Both Chlamydiales and
Coxiella produce two life forms:

A

a. spore-like particle during an extracellular life
= infective form (transmissible)
= persistence form in the environment for decades

b. actively replicative cells during intracellular life
= host cell destructive form

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11
Q

Mycoplasma has a unique “______ ______” colony growth & _______ motility.

A

fried egg, gliding

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12
Q
  1. What are the two life forms (extra - & - intracellular) of obligate intracellular bacteria?
  2. List the bacteria that fall under these categories
A
  1. (a) Within vacuoles in cytoplasm of host cells
    (b) Outside of a cell until they enter into the cytoplasm of a cell
  2. (A)
  3. Chlamydia = reticulate/inclusion bodies (RB)
  4. Coxiella = large cell variant (LCV)
  5. Anaplasma & Ehrlichia = reticulate cells (morula)

(B)
1. Chlamydia = elementary body
2. Coxiella = small cell variant (SCV)
3. Anaplasma & Ehrlichia = dense-cored cells (DC

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13
Q

Chlamydia, Coxiella, Anaplasma & Ehrlichia
produce __________ cell forms that hide within __________ in the host cell cytoplasm, but Rickettsia _____ move in cytoplasm (does not hide in the _________)

A

vegetative, vacuoles, freely, vacuoles

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14
Q
  1. Chlamydia, Coxiella, Anaplasma &
    Ehrlichiaproduce hide in what due to fear of lysosomes?
  2. What does Rickettsia do?
A
  1. vegetative cell forms that hide within vacuoles in the host cell cytoplasm
  2. freely move in cytoplasm (does not hide in the vacuoles).
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15
Q

Host ranges

A

Almost all vertebrate animals, including arthropods in case of Rickettsia

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16
Q

Describe the transmission routes of Chlamydiales.

A

Airborne, sex, & contagious transmission
using its spore-like particle (elementary body)

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17
Q

Describe the transmission routes of Rickettsiales.

A
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18
Q

Describe the transmission routes of Mycoplasma.

A

Airborne & contagious transmission

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19
Q

Chlamydia, Coxiella & Mycoplasma are transmitted
mainly by ?

A

airborne & contagious

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20
Q

List the predilection sites for chlamydiales.

A

Mucus membranes (tubular tracts e.g. respiratory tract, repro, conjunctiva, joints, mammary glands) causing diseases called MAKePSR Syndrome

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21
Q

List the predilection sites for Mycoplasma.

A

Mucus membranes = MAKePSR syndrome

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22
Q

Define MAKePSR Syndrome

A

M = mastitis
A = arthritis
Ke = keratoconjunctivitis (e.g. blindness)
P = pneumonia
S = septicemia
R= reproductive disorders (very common in humans; inflammation of penis, vagina, placenta, testicle, orchitis; abortion, infertility).

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23
Q

Similar mucosal diseases (i.e. MAKePSR Syndrome) by
____________ & _____________ species because both have
tropism to similar cells (mucosal epithelium).

A

Chlamydia, Mycoplasma

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24
Q

List the predilection sites for Rickettsiales.

A

Rickettsiales = red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells WBC) or blood vessels

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25
Q
  • Anaplasma prefers ?
A

= lysis of RBC, platelets and WBC

Blood cells, mainly RBC. When RBC are attacked, what happens to host? Anemia. Bilirubin comes out with RBC are lysed –> jaundice due to increase circulation of bilirubin byproduct in blood. In absence of platelets –> bleeding, hemorrhage

WBC -> leukopenia –> susceptibility to any commensal

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26
Q
  • Ehrlichia prefers ?
A

= lysis of RBC, WBC and endothelium

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27
Q
  • Rickettsia prefers?
A

= Endothelial cell lysis/bleeding (rash)

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28
Q
  • Coxiella prefers?
A

= Endothelial cell lysis and phagocytes

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29
Q

Apply the ice-berg concept during presence of
clinical cases ofChlamydiales, Rickettsiales, &
Mycoplasma infection

A

The presence of clinical cases are
indicators of:
1. Huge members of a population are
carriers = subclinical infections
2. Possible involvement of multiple
animal species in the geographical
area as these pathogens normally
infect diverse animal species

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30
Q

Chlamydia is a gram-_______ ___ bacteria. However, its cell wall has a ____ or no ________. Best stained by _____ stain than Gram stain. Best treated by _____ and ________ than beta-lactams

A

negative, cocci, tiny, peptidoglycan, Giemsa, tetracycline, chloramphenicol

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31
Q

Chlamydia is an _______ ______ parasites because of two reasons:

A

Obligate intracellular
1. Their cytoplasmic membrane is highly permeable, thus depend on vertebrate
cells for osmotic homeostasis
2. They cannot produce key amino acids and ATP, hence depend on host ATP

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32
Q

Chlamydia life cycle oscillates between ?

A

extracellular form (EB) vs. intracellular form (RB)

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33
Q

The extracellular form of Chlamydia =
- __________ infectious form
- __________ body (EB)

A

airborne

elementary

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34
Q

The Intracellular form of Chlamydia

A

The intracellular
= replicative form
= reticular body (RB)

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35
Q

In the case of Chlamydia, a 3rd intracellular lifeform is
formed on occasion. This form is called the _________ __________ body, a non-_________ aberrant body that is formed during ____________ treatment and is attacked by the ______ defense system. Thus, it is formed for _____ & _________ during harsh conditions

A

abnormal reticular, replicating, antimicrobial, host, survival, persistence

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36
Q

The extracellular life form = ?

A

elementary body

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37
Q

Chlamydia is highly resistant to environmental
stresses such as:

A

 high temperature,
 osmotic pressure
 ultraviolet light
 EB is the one that infects vertebrates
 EB can be taken by air (airborne)

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38
Q

The persistence state of Chlamydia is characterized
by the formation of the ______________ _____ (____) induced by stressful conditions.

A

aberrant body (AB)

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39
Q

The two unique life cycles of Chlamydia

A

Chlamydia exist in two distinct morphological forms, where
each has unique characteristics as listed here. Completes both life forms in 24 hours.

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40
Q

List the routes of transmission for Chlamydia

A
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41
Q

C. abortus causes __________, and ________ issues in ruminants. Also affects ?

A

Abortion, Testicle issues in ruminants, pigs + human

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42
Q

C. felis causes what conditions in cats and humans?

A

pneumonia, bronchiits, rhinitis, and eyes

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43
Q

C. avium effects which species?

A

Pigeons & psittacines

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44
Q

C. caviae effects which species?

A

guinea pig

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45
Q

C. muridarum effects which species?

A

= rodents/mic

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46
Q

C. pecorum effects which species?

A

domestic & wild ruminants, pigs

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47
Q

C. psittaci effects which species?

A

= birds, pigs, ruminants, pets, equine + humans

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48
Q

C. suis effects which species?

A

= swine

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49
Q

C. pneumoniae effects which species?

A

= human + horse + reptiles + amphibians

“RAHH”

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50
Q

C. trachomatis effects which species?

A

= human only (blindness in humans and effects repro tract in males and females)

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51
Q

Chlamydia attacks the ________ epithelium of the following organs and cause diseases.

A

columnar

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52
Q

Chlamydia can cause ? in the eye

A

(conjunctivitis, pinkeye)
Pinkeye in humans and animals –> Trachoma

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53
Q

Like ___________, the targeted host cells (tropism) of Chlamydia are:
- ___________ cells
- _____________ _____________

A

Mycoplasma, epithelial, mucosal membranes

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54
Q

Clinical signs of chlamydiosis

A

MAKePSRRD

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55
Q

C. abortus causes Ovine _________ ________ storms and ___________ _______ in sheep and __________ _________ in the cow.

A

Ovine enzootic abortion storms and purple t placentitis in sheep and follicular vaginitis in the cow.

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56
Q

C. pneumoniae causes what clinical signs in humans?

A

Pneumonia by C. pneumoniae in humans

57
Q

Label accordingly

A
58
Q

Name the virulence factors of Chlamydia

A
  1. Enzymes
  2. Surface structures
  3. Invasins
  4. Intracellular survival
  5. Ability to form three life forms
59
Q

List Chlamydia’s Enzymes and list their functions.

A
  • Nuraminidase = digest cilia and mucus
  • Catalase
  • Protease
60
Q

List Chlamydia’s surface structures

A
  • Lipopolysaccharide = escape
    phagocytosis
  • Outer membrane proteins = adhesion
61
Q

List Chlamydia’s invasins

A

Type 3 secretion system

62
Q

List Chlamydia’s form of intracellular survival

A

Facilitated by their Type 3 secretion
system

63
Q

List and describe Chlamydia’s three life forms.

A

Ability to form three life forms
1. Elementary body = infective
form + means of survival in the
environment for several years
2. Reticulate body = animal body
destructive form
3. Aberrant or abnormal body =
means of escaping treatment
and body defense system

64
Q

The ice-berg concept of Chlamydia infection during clinical disease

A

Individuals with clinical diseases can
serve as an ice-berg to reveal huge
subclinical infections in the herd

65
Q

Sample collection and diagnostic tests of Chlamydia

A
  1. repro discharge
  2. ocular swab/tears
  3. nasal discharge
  4. milk samples

Serology, PCR, grow on powder/MacConkey agar
Gold standard: indirect immunofluorescent IgG antibody assays.

66
Q

Culture media for growth, isolation, and
characterization of Chlamydia

A

Must need cell lines…(do not grow on lifeless culture media)
 yolk sacs of chicken embryo
 Buffalo Green Monkey Kidney (BGMK) cells

The most practical route detection methods of
Chlamydia
1. Serology using polyclonal
antibodies against the
Chlamydia species
2. PCR

67
Q

Treatment of Chlamydial cases

A

Tetracycline or fluoroquinolone (e.g. enrofloxacin) are generally the drugs
of choice
 Doxycycline 100 mg twice a day for 7 days
 Azithromycin a single dose by 1 g
* Treatment must start as early as possible and continue for at least 7 days
Antibiotic treatment do not kill
Chlamydia i.e. not bactericidal;
thus treatment induces persistent chlamydial infections
Dr. Reta D. Abdi
Aberrant body

68
Q

Control and prevention of Chlamydia

Chlamydia vaccines are available, but their efficacy is _______________
1. C. abortus live vaccines —> to prevent _________ ________ in small ruminants
2. C. felis vaccine —> to prevent __________ and _________ in pets.
Make sure to avoid ____ contact or _______ of infected animals with healthy herd/flock:
1. ________ quickly,
2. _________, and
3. treat __________ animals

A
  • The following
    Chlamydia vaccines are available, but their
    efficacy is controversial
    1. C. abortus live vaccines
     to prevent enzootic abortion in small ruminants
    2. C. felis vaccine
     to prevent conjunctivitis and keratitis in pets
  • Avoid close contact or mating of infected animals with healthy herd/flock
     Separate quickly,
     quarantine, and
     treat infected animals
69
Q
A
70
Q

The cell wall architect and cell morphotypes
of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia &
Rickettsia

A
71
Q

Make cards for this (sorry you were tired and wanted to sleep don’t be mad at me).

A
72
Q

The two life forms of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia

A

– morula within vacuoles in host cell cytoplasm
– dense-cored cells during extracellular

73
Q

Anaplasma and Ehrlichia become _____-_____ cells
until they enter into _______ of an adjacent cell

A

dense, cored, cytoplasm

74
Q

Reticulate cells (morula) of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia replicate in _______ (like _________ & ____________).

A

vacuoles, Chlamydia, Salmonella

75
Q

However, Rickettsia neither has ___ life forms nor hides in vacuole (e.g. like _____ & ______)

A

two, Listeria, Yersinia

76
Q

Why Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, & Rickettsia are obligate
intracellular pathogens?

A

Obligate intracellular parasites due to two/three reasons
1. The cytoplasmic membrane of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia & Rickettisia is highly permeable
2. Anaplasma, Ehrlichia & Rickettisia cannot produce sufficient ATP for their daily life
3. Anaplasma and Ehrlichia are dependent on cholesterol from their host cell to stabilize their cell envelop

77
Q

Describe the Host diversity and diversity of
Analasma, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia species

A

Host ranges are vertebrates but arthropods are necessary
Mammals
 Humans
 Domestic & wild ruminants
 Domestic & wild equids
 Domestic & wild canids
 Small mammals & rodents
* Birds
 Wild, migratory and domestic
* Reptiles
* Amphibians
* Arthropod:
 fleas
 lice
 mites
 tick

78
Q

Anaplasma species = transmitted by

A

ticks

79
Q

Ehrlichia species = transmitted by

A

ticks

80
Q

Rickettsia species are grouped into 4 based on

a. Distinct serogroups using their _____________
b. Unique ___________ vector for their transmission
c. __________ manifestations (?)

A

a. Distinct serogroups using their lipopolysaccharide
b. Unique arthropod vector for their transmission
c. Clinical manifestations (?)

81
Q

The clinical manifestations of Rickettsia are as follows:
1. ________ ________ group (SFG), transmitted by _________ ticks
2. ___________ group = transmitted by _____
3. ______ group (TG) = by _______ ______ and _______
4. ___________ group= by _______, _______, ________

A

spotted fever, Dermacenter, ancestral, ticks, typhus, body lice, fleas, transitional, ticks, mites, fleas

82
Q

Anaplasma,
Ehrlichia &
Rickettsia
require ______ for transmission. why?

A

arthropods
They require arthropods for transmission because
1. they cannot stay outside of a cell for longer time
2. Arthropods directly deposit them into or near the
bloodstream so that they can immediately infect
blood cells or endothelial cells

83
Q

Describe the transmission route for Rickettsia.

A
84
Q

Describe the transmission route for Anaplasma, Ehrlichia.

A
85
Q

Rickettsia and ? have one thing in common?

A

They attack the endothelium of blood vessels.

86
Q

Ticks hunt animals for blood meal at least ___ times
in their life that has a risk of ___________ (TO) &/or _________ (TS) transmission of pathogens

A

3, transovarian, transstadial

87
Q

Larval
Nymph
Adult stage

Come to drink blood from animal during these three life stages. Outside of these three times, stay in bush.

A
88
Q

The 4 top important ticks in the USA medically

A

Know these

89
Q

Tick predilection site in the host body

  1. Vertebrate cells - ______ cells & _______ cells of vertebrates.
    - Anaplasma - ?
    - Ehrlichia - ?
    - Rickettsia -?
  2. Arthropod cells - ______ cells and _______ gland of arthropods
A

blood, endothelial

red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells

white blood cells, endothelial cells

endothelial cells

midgut, salivary

90
Q
A
91
Q
A

Anaplasma
in monocyte

92
Q

Anaplasma is a problem of __________ affecting their ____ blood cells except two Anaplasma spp.

A

ruminants, red

93
Q

Name the different strains of Anaplasmosis affecting domestic and wild ruminants

A

A. marginale
A. centrale
A. ovis
A. bovis

94
Q

Which ticks transmit A. marginale? What does it result in?

A

Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor, Hyaloma, Boophilus, Ixodes

RBC destruction –> Anemia

95
Q

Which ticks transmit A. centrale? What does it result in?

A

Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor
RBC destruction –> Anemia

96
Q

Which ticks transmit A. ovis? What does it result in?

A

Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor
RBC destruction –> Anemia

97
Q

Which ticks transmit A. bovis? What does it result in?

A

Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma, Amblyomma, Haemaphysalis

Erythrocytes, Monocytes, Macrophages –> Anemia and Leukopenia

98
Q
A

Anaplasma
marginale (arrow)
in Giemsa-stained
blood smears of
dairy cow

Red spots = anaplasma marginale

99
Q

Anaplasma is a problem of ruminants affecting their red blood cells except two Anaplasma spp.

Name the two Anaplasma spp.

A
100
Q
  1. A. phagocytophilum infects which species?
  2. Which ticks carry this strain?
  3. What does infection result in?
A
  1. Almost all mammals, including dogs and humans
  2. Ixodes scapularis
  3. Neutrophil destruction –> Leukopenia (defenseless)
101
Q
  1. A. platys infeects which species?
  2. Which ticks carry this strain?
  3. What does infection result in?
A
  1. Dogs
  2. Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor
  3. Platelet destruction –> Thrombocytopenia (bleeding)
102
Q

Ehrlichia is a problem of _________ and _________ affecting phagocytes (_________ blood cells) except?

A

ruminants, canines, white, E. ruminantum

103
Q

Rickettsia is a problem of humans &
rodents affecting their blood vessels –> ?

A

bleeding

104
Q
  1. Almost all Rickettsia infect?
  2. R. Prowazekii causes what clinical disease? What vector transmits it? What species are affected?
  3. R. typhi causes what clinical disease? What vector transmits it? What species are affected?
  4. R. akari causes what clinical disease? What vector transmits it? What species are affected?
  5. Orentia tsutsugamushi causes what clinical disease? What vector transmits it? What species are affected?
A
  1. humans and rodents
  2. Epidemic typhus (sylvatic typhus), lice, humans and flying squirrels
  3. Murine typhus (endemic typhus or flea-borne typhus), humans and wild rodents (mice, rats, opossums, feral cats).
  4. Rickettsial pox, mite, humans and wild rodents (mice, rats, opossums, feral cats).
  5. Scrub typhus, mite, humans and wild rodents (mice, rats, opossums, feral cats).
105
Q

Rickettsia is also a problem of humans
& pets affecting their blood vessels

A
106
Q

What virulence factors of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and/or Rickettsia are used for adhesion and attachment?

A

Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia all use Outer membrane protein A (ompA) and entry-triggering protein E (EtPE).

Rickettsia also uses Outer membrane protein B (ompB)

107
Q

What virulence factors of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and/or Rickettsia are used for inducing lipid rafts for engulfing on the blood or endothelial cell membrane?

A

Anaplasma and Ehrlichia use ETpE, clathrin, caveolin-2

Rickettsia uses clathrin, caveolin-2.

108
Q

What virulence factors of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and/or Rickettsia are used for surviving inside vacuoles in the cytoplasm?

A

Anaplasma and Ehrlichia use early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1), Rab5A protein, Rab7 protein, vacuolar-type H+ ATPase.

Rickettsia does not use any because it does not need to!

109
Q

What virulence factors of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and/or Rickettsia are used for surviving and replicating in the cytoplasm of the host cells to form a micro-colony (morula)?

A

Anaplasma and Ehrlichia use Rab7 protein, transient receptor potential channels (TRP), and ECH0825

110
Q

What virulence factors of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and/or Rickettsia are used for destroying vacuoles inside the cytoplasm, freely move, and replicate?

A

Anaplasma and Ehrlichia = none

Rickettsia = Hemolysin C, Phospholypase D

111
Q

What virulence factors of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and/or Rickettsia are used to spread to adjacent cells from infected blood/endothelial cells?

A

Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia use:
1. protrusion of infected cell membranes (filopodia) to enter adjacent cells without bacteria entering the EC space.
2. Packed blood cell bursts/lysis to spread to the adjacent cells
3. Phospholipase A2 of Rickettsia helps to lyse infected cells.

Rickettsia also uses Budding from the host cell membrane.

112
Q

Morula multiply within ________ in
the cytoplasm of arthropod midgut
or salivary gland and cytoplasm of
vertebrate blood cells.

A

vacuole

113
Q

Virulence factors of
Rickettsia

A

– adhesion, internalization, replication & lysis of endothelial cells

tsoshugami??

114
Q

Actin tail to propel to the adjacent cells. E.g.
spot fever group
Rickettisia…. like Listeria

A
115
Q

Clinical signs of Rickettsia

A
116
Q

Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia cause which clincial symptoms? List the symptoms specific Anaplasma and Ehrlichia as well. Also list the most common symptoms

A

“Jab Like Mighty, Hardy Women Because Vomiting, Vasculitis”

All cause:
1. Jaundice
2. Bleeding
3. Anemia (hypoxia)
4. Leukopenia (defenseless)
5. Fever
6. Weakness
7. Muscular pain
8. Headache
9. Vomiting
10. Vasculitis or blood vessel lysis
11. Blood vessel lysis, thrombosis, occlusion, and necrosis

Jaundice = specific to anaplasma too
Blood vessel lysis, thrombosis, occlusion, and necrosis = specific to Rickettsia
Most common symptoms are? Fever, muscle pain, weakness, headache, vomiting

117
Q

List the Clinical signs of Anaplasma

A

Anaplasma
1. FEVER
2. weakness
3. muscle pain
4. headache
5. vomiting
6. Anemia (hypoxia)
7. Jaundice (yellow urine, yellow liver, yellow gall bladder)
8. leukopenia (defenseless)

Leads to Thrombocytopenia (bleeding)

118
Q

Clinical signs of Ehrlichia

A

 FEVER, weakness, muscle pain, headache, vomiting
 leukopenia (defenseless)
 anemia (hypoxia)
 thrombocytopenia
 Vasculitis (heartwater) …bleeding/Rash!

119
Q

Clinical signs of Rickettsia

A

Disseminated endothelial
infection (lysis of capillaries)
of ALL ORGANs but critical in
vital organs
* FEVER, weakness, muscle
pain, headache, vomiting

120
Q

Clinical signs of Rickettsia leads to?

A
  1. Vasculitis (lysis)
  2. Bleeding from skin (RASH),
  3. Bleeding from nose
    (epistaxis)
  4. hemorrhage into tissues
  5. thrombosis
  6. blood vessel occlusion
  7. blood vessel necrosis
121
Q

organ failure - Rickettsia

A

Organ failure followed by death
1. Brain - encephalitis
2. Heart – myocarditis =
congestive heart failure
3. Lung - pneumonia
4. Kidney - nephritis
5. Liver - hepatitis
6. Skin – rash
7. Edema
8. Hypovolemia (shock)
9. Thrombocytopenia due to
hemorrhag

122
Q

Ranking cause of epistaxis in dogs

A

localized problem in nose or systemic issue

123
Q

What samples would you collect and what diagnostics would you run to determine Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia infection?

A

Well felxi test for ricketssia

124
Q

Culture media for growth, isolation and
characterization

A

 Must need cell lines… (like
Chlamydia,
they do not grow on lifeless culture media)
 Tick cell lines
 midgut cell lines
 salivary gland cell lines
 tick embryonic cell line
 Mammalian endothelial cell
 Human Leukemia (HL) Cell Line
Dr. Reta D. Abdi
* The most practical route detection
methods are:
1. Serology using polyclonal
antibodies against
Anaplasma,
Ehrlichia, Rickettsia species
2. PCR of gltA, ompA & ompB genes

125
Q

Rickettsia and Proteus have similar _______________ antigens

A

lipopolysaccharide

126
Q

What serology test is used to diagnose Rickettsia infection? Explain the process

A

Weil-Felix Test

P. Vulgaris OX19 –> Typhus group Rickettsia
P. Vulgaris OX2 –> Spotted fever group
Rickettsia
P. mirabilis OXK –> Scrub typhus group Rickettsia

Mix-well 20 ul of patient serum with one drop of Proteus antigens to visualize agglutination in 2 minutes on slides or test tubes

127
Q

Apply the ice-berg concept during presence of clinical cases and diagnosis of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, & Rickettsia

A

Subclinical infections are common withAnaplasma spp
., Ehrlichia spp. and
Rickettsia spp
2. Reservoir vertebrate hosts are widely
distributed serving as a source of infection
3.

128
Q

Treatment of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia cases?

A

 chloramphenicol
 Tetracycline
 Doxycycline– the most effective drug
The most effective therapy for all three kinds of typhus is the antibiotic doxycycline.

129
Q

How can you control and prevent Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and or Rickettsia infection?

A
  1. Kill all via prophylactic use of tetracycline, doxycyline, chloramphenicol
  2. Eliminate ticks hiding in habitat/vegitation
  3. Kill arthropods each season with
    a. Acaricides e.g. pyrethroids:
    - spot-on, spray or dust yard borders
    and pet kennel areas with permethrin
    - Spraying or dipping animals in
    acaricides seasonally
    4.Boost the resistance of
    animals
     Vaccine
     Feeding
     Indoor rearing
     Avoid stress
130
Q

Anaplasma, Coxiella, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia spp. = ?for treatment

A

chloramphenicol and tetracycline for

131
Q

Anaplasma and Ehrlichia do not have?

A

LPS

132
Q

Rickettsia has _______

A

LPS

133
Q

Anaplasma and Ehrlichia have minimal ____________.

A

Peptidoglycan

134
Q

Rickettsia has the classical __________ and ______.

A

Peptidoglycan, LPS

135
Q

Anaplasma and Ehrlichia have _____ cell morphotypes.

A

Two

136
Q

Anaplasma and Ehrlichia are ______-cored when outside cell, but __________ cells when inside the cytoplasm.

A

Dense, reticulate

137
Q

Instead of LPS and Peptidoglycan, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia acquire ___________ for cell wall ________ from their ______.

A

Cholesterol, stability, host

138
Q

Which ticks transmit A. centrale? What does it result in?

A

Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor

Bacteriology/Mycology (40 decks)

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