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Bacteriology/Mycology > Subcutaneous Mycoses > Flashcards

Subcutaneous Mycoses Flashcards

1
Q

Dimorphic fungi and fungus-like microorganisms affect the _____ and _____________ tissues.

A

skin, subcutaneous

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2
Q

Sporothrix schenckii, which is the cause of _____________ in a variety of animal species, but more frequently in ?

A

sporotrichosis, humans, horses, dogs, and
cats

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3
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum, is the cause of __________ ____________ in equids (horses, donkeys, and mules)

A

epizootic
lymphangitis

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4
Q

Oomycosis (Aphanomyces, Lagenidium, Pythium, and Saprolegnia), cause a variety of diseases in ____ and _______ and
miscellaneous conditions involving the ____ and __________ tissues,
including ?

A

fish, mammals, skin, subcutaneous, chromoblastomycosis, phaeohyphomycosis, and mycetoma.

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5
Q

Sporothrix schenkii is a __________, ________ fungi. In immune-competent people, this disease usually manifests as a _____, ________ _________ of skin and subcutaneous tissue.
* In immune-competent horses and dogs, the disease is usually limited to the _______ or ____________ form, and organisms are typically ______ or ____ within the lesions.
* Disseminated disease is very rare in ______ and _____ unless the patient is
immunosuppressed.
* Cats with sporotrichosis will develop _______ or _______
disease regardless of their immune status at the time of infection.

A

saprophytic, dimorphic, chronic, ulcerative, lymphangitis, cutaneous, cutaneolymphatic, sparse, rare, horses, dogs, cutaneolymphatic, disseminated

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6
Q

Sporothrix schenkii is a ________ fungus and it exhibits a different morphology depending upon the ________ of
growth. At room temperature (25 ◦C, on Sabouraud’s agar), S.
schenckii grows as a ______.
* At 35–37 ◦C (in tissue or on rich media, e.g., blood agar, incubated at
that temperature), it exists as _______ ________ yeasts (characterized typically by the unique “______ bodies” but yeasts can also be ____ shaped)
* The yeast phase stains with the _____ stain, and either phase accepts _________-type stain (e.g., Wright’s or Giemsa) or _____ stains (periodic acid Schiff, Grocott methenamine silver, and Gridley).

A

dimorphic, conditions, mold, budding, pleomorphic, cigar, round, Gram’s, Romanowsky, fungal

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7
Q

List the cell wall components of Sporothrix schenkii

A

SLAMPP
* Adhesins affinity for extracellular matrix proteins
* Lipid inhibits phagocytosis by monocytes and macrophages.
* Melanin protects from the effects of reactive oxygen intermediates within
phagolysosomes of phagocytic cells.
* Peptide-rhamnomannan acts as an immunosuppressive substance by
suppressing the liberation of proinflammatory cytokines by phagocytic cells.
* Sialic acids inhibit uptake by phagocytic cells and directs complement proteins
toward the degradative pathway, rather than generating effective opsonizing
fragments and anaphylatoxins needed to generate an effective inflammatory
response.
* Proteinases (secreted enzymes) unknown activity/hydrolyze stratum
corneum

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8
Q

Sporothrix schenkii
Ecology
* Soil rich in ______ and organic matter; it has also been isolated on
many ____ plants
* Disease has been reported in people, dogs, cats, horses, mules,
donkeys, goats, cattle, rats, mice, hamsters, foxes, birds, camels,
dolphins, armadillos, and chimpanzees.
* The disease is most common in the ___, ___, and _____ where it
occurs in multiple forms. Human infections are often associated with ______ gardening (and often called a “______ gardener’s disease”)

A

decaying, live, cat, dog, horse, rose, rose

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9
Q

Sporothrix schenkii
Transmission/Pathogenesis

A
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10
Q

Sporothrix schenkii
Immunology/Diagnsotic/Treatment
* ______-mediated immunity is significantly related to resistance. No ______ immunization procedures exist.
* Identification of the organism is _______ forward assuming the classic ____ to _____-shaped yeast forms (____ bodies) are seen
(exudates/biopsies) (staining/culture)
* Immunofluorescence, latex agglutination, agar gel diffusion, PCR
(Chitin synthase 1)
* Susceptible to _______/_________ iodides as well as ?

A

Cell, artificial, straight, oval, cigar, cigar, sodium, potassium, ketoconazole,
amphotericin B + flucytosine (deep and disseminated forms).

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11
Q

What can be seen in the image below?

A
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12
Q

What can be seen in the image below?

A
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13
Q

What can be seen in the image?

A

Sporothrix schenckii

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14
Q

What can be seen in the image?

A

Sporothrix schenckii

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15
Q

What can be seen in the image?

A

Sporothrix schenckii

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16
Q

What can be seen in the image?

A

Sporothrix schenckii

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17
Q

What can be seen in the image?

A

Sporothrix schenckii

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18
Q

What can be seen in the image?

A

Sporothrix schenckii

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19
Q

What can be seen in the image?

A

Sporothrix schenckii

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20
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum
* H. capsulatum is a _________ fungus existing as a _____ at 25–30 ◦C
( _____________ phase) and as a _____ at 37 ◦C (_________ phase)
* This fungus has three varieties: ?

A

dimorphic, mold, saprophytic, yeast, parasitic, H. capsulatum var. capsulatum, H.
capsulatum var. duboisii, and H. capsulatum var. farciminosum.

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21
Q

Varieties H. capsulatum and H. duboisii cause __________, a systemic fungal disease.
* Variety farciminosum causes _________ _________ (__________), a chronic ____________ disease typically involving the ____ and __________ that mainly affects horses, donkeys, and mules but has
also been reported in camels, cattle and dogs.

A

histoplasmosis, epizootic lymphangitis, pseudoglanders, pyogranulomatous, skin, lymphatics

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22
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum
* __________ fungus, produces ________ yeasts in tissue, and usually _____ hyphae in its mycelial form when grown at ___ ◦C or _____ temperature.
* Exceptionally, ? are seen.
* The yeast phase is best demonstrated with a ___________-type stain (e.g., Wright’s or Giemsa) or _______ stains (periodic acid Schiff, Grocott
methenamine silver, and Gridley).
* Grows on common laboratory media (_____) 25–30 ◦C, taking several weeks to form a _______, ____ to _____ colony.
* Conversion of mold to yeast on _____-containing agar requires incubation
at 37 ◦C under 15–20% CO2.

A

Dimorphic, budding, sterile, 25, room, arthroconidia, chlamydoconidia, and spherical, thick-walled
macroconidia, Romanowsky, fungal, SDA, cottony, white, brown, blood

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23
Q

H. capsulatum var. farciminosum is quite resistant to _____ and ______ agents. It survives in ___ at ambient temperatures for _____ (several weeks in _____ and ______) and at ________
temperature or in a _______ form for years.

A

physical, chemical, soil, months, corrals, stables, refrigerator, desiccated

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24
Q

The primary reservoir for Histoplasma species is ________-rich ____.

A

nitrogen, soil

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25
Q

Histoplasma infection occurs through skin _________.
* Yeast from skin lesions, or nasal and/or ocular exudates ???
* _____ form from soil
* Fomites: ______ and _____ equipment
* __________ may play a role in the transmission

A

wounds, Mycelial, grooming, harness, Arthropods

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26
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum var. Farciminosum
Pathogenesis

A
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27
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum var. Farciminosum

Seasonal peaks suggest __________ transmission.

A

arthropod

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28
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum var. Farciminosum disease mainly affects ______ but (3) may also be
affected. ______ horses (less than __ years of age) are most susceptible.

A

equids, cattle, camelids, and dogs ,Young, 6

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29
Q

For patients infected with Histoplasma capsulatum var. Farciminosum, ____-mediated immunity is probably the key host defense.

A

Cell

30
Q

How can you identify H. capsulatum vaar. Farciminosum
* ______ demonstrable by agar gel diffusion or by the serum agglutination test.
* Direct examination of stained exudates ( (2?) stained) or _____ material (hematoxylin–eosin, periodic acid Schiff, and Grocott methenamine
silver) may reveal intracellular (within _______) or extracellular
characteristic yeasts.

A

Antigens, Wright’s or Giemsa, biopsy, macrophages

31
Q

H. capsulatum var. farciminosum grows on _____.

A

SDA

32
Q

Treatment for Histoplasma capsulatum var. Farciminosum: ____________ have been relatively successful. ____________ __ has been
used with some success. Itraconazole and fluconazole may also be used.

A

griseofulvin, Amphotericin B

33
Q

These animals are suffering from?

A

Histoplasma capsulatum var. Farciminosum

34
Q

Phytiosis is also known as?

A

(Swamp cancer/”Florida horse leeches”)

35
Q

The agent that causes Phytiosis is an ________ _________ (“aquatic fungus”) with ____ (4 μm), sparsely _____ hyphae.

A

aquatic oomycete, wide, septate

36
Q

Phytiosis (pyogranulomatous disease, caused by ________ __________, of a variety of animal species). __________ conditions (pythiosis) of dogs (“ ______ cancer”), horses (“ ______ horse leeches”), cattle, cats, and people.
* In North America this disease is seen most frequently diagnosed along the ______ ______. _____ and ____ are the species most commonly affected.

A

Pythium insidiosum, Pyogranulomatous, swamp, Florida, Gulf Coast, Dogs, horses

37
Q

Phytiosis causes ?

A

ulcerative fibrogranulomatous or pyogranulomatous and eosinophilic cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions.

38
Q

Phytiosis Pathogenesis/ Diagnostic/
Treatment
* Lesions in horses are typically _____, _________ swellings, usually on ________, _____ trunk, or ____. The ____ mucosa may be involved. Hyphae are demonstrable within _________ coagula (termed “ ________ ”or “ ________” in horses) consisting of necrotic macrophages (including _______ and ________ macrophages), eosinophils.

A

large, exudative, extremities, ventral, head, nasal, granulomatous, kunkers, leeches, epithelioid, multinucleated

39
Q

How would you diagnose a patient with Phytiosis?

A
  • Cytology, ELISA, PCR, Immunohistochemistry.
  • Cultural techniques are tedious and time consuming and entail
    growth of a mold-like microorganism on SDA,24–48 h at 30 ◦C.
40
Q

How would you treat a patient with Phytiosis?

A
  • Amphotericine B, Immunotherapy utilizing killed whole organisms or
    extracts has shown promise.
41
Q

What can be seen below?

A
42
Q

What can be seen here?

A
43
Q

What can be seen here?

A
44
Q

What can be seen here?

A
45
Q
A
46
Q
A
47
Q
A
48
Q
A
49
Q
A
50
Q

Chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis are caused by _____-
pigmented (___________) fungi.

A

dark, dematiaceous

51
Q

Chromoblastomycosis is rare in __________ mammals, but occurs in _____ and ______.

A

nonhuman, frogs, toads

52
Q

Phaeohyphomycosis is seen sporadically in ? and may be ________.

A

cats, dogs, horses, cattle, and goats, systemic

53
Q

Cladophialophora bantiana is the fungus most commonly seen in _____ and ______, with ________ nervous system localization frequently observed.

A

dogs, cats, central

54
Q

Chromoblastomycosis and Phaeohyphomycosis
Pathogenesis/Diagnostic/Treatment
* The agents, _____-and ___-associated saprophytes, enter through ____ and
multiply ___________, causing __________ reactions. No _____ colonies
or ____ are seen. _______ or larger swellings develop, which may ______ and discharge ____.

A

soil, plant, skin, subcutaneously, pyogranulomatous, tissue, granules, Nodular, ulcerate, pus

55
Q

Diagnosis of Chromoblastomycosis and Phaeohyphomycosis is made by:
1. _____ and ______. _______ bodies (chromoblastomycosis)
and _______ (phaeohyphomycosis) are seen in stained (?) biopsy sections.
2. Culture, on _________ agar without ______, often requires lengthy
incubation. The resulting colonies range from _____ to _____ to ______, depending
on the color of _____ of fungus involved.
3. Lesions are _______, but may ______.
* Treatment: flucytosine, itraconazole, amphotericin B, and ketoconazole has given mixed results

A

biopsy, culture, Sclerotic, hyphae, hematoxylin–eosin, periodic acid Schiff, and Grocott methenamine silver, Sabouraud’s, inhibitors, olive, brown, black, species, excised, recur

56
Q
A
57
Q
A
58
Q

Eumycotic Mycetoma is a fungi associated with eumycotic mycetoma including ?
- All are saprophytes that presumably enter via a _______.

A

Pseudallescheria boydii, Cochliobolus spiciferus (the sexual forms of Scedosporium apiospermum and Bipolaris spicifera, respectively), and Curvularia
geniculata.

wound

59
Q
  1. List the characteristics of a mycetoma. 2. They may be associated with bacteria, most notably an actinomycete such as members of the genus ______ or _____
    (actinomycotic mycetoma).
A

Swelling, granule formation, and discharging sinus tracts are characteristics.

Nocardia, Actinomyces

60
Q

Eumycotic Mycetoma gungal colonies are surrounded by ________ bordered by ________ reactions. _______ _____ carry pus and granules, consisting of ______ and inflammatory components, to the surface.

A

suppuration, granulomatous, Sinus tracts, microorganisms

61
Q

Treatment of Eumycotic Mycetoma is ______ if possible. _____ agents (azoles and
amphotericin B) have been disappointing.

A

excision, Antifungal

62
Q
A
63
Q
  1. Rhinosporidiosis is the cause of this disease is ?
  2. It causes ________ ________ type of infection at ___________
    junction
A

Rhinosporidium seeberi.
chronic granulomatous, mucocutaneous

64
Q

Rhinosporidiosis affects which species? Rare in which species?

A

horses, cattle, mules, dogs, goats, and wild waterfowls. Infection, though rare, occurs in humans.

65
Q

Rhinosporidiosis results in the formation of ____________-like growths, also known as ______, is very characteristic of infection caused by this fungus.

A

cauliflower, polyps

66
Q

Rhinosporidiosis occurs mostly in _______ and _______ countries; however, sporadic cases have been reported in the _______ ______.

A

tropical, subtropical, United States

67
Q

Diagnosis of Rhinosporidiosis is based on _______ lesion and microscopic examination of _____ sections or _______ from polyps. On tissue section, presence
of large _____ (200–300 μm) filled with _______ is sufficient to make a definitive diagnosis of this disease. On cytologic preparations, however, ______ are rarely seen and the numerous _______ are
the typical finding (Figure 46.2).
* Treatment is not effective. _______ excision is practiced, but many
lesions ____.

A

gross, tissue, discharge, sporangia, endospores, sporangia, endospores, Surgical, recur

68
Q

What can be seen here?

A

Rhinosporidiosis

69
Q

What can be seen here?

A

Rhinosporidiosis

70
Q

What can be seen here?

A

Rhinosporidiosis

Bacteriology/Mycology (40 decks)

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