Mycoplasma Flashcards
Nickname of Mycoplasma
Pleuropneumonia-Like Organisms = PPLO
Morphology of Mycoplasma
1. ____________ shape because of lack of _____ _________
2. An __________-dense core
3. Terminal _______/____ at one end for:
1. ________/_______ onto host cell
surface receptors
2. ______ motility
3. cell _______
Pleomorphic, cell wall, electron, organelle, disc, adherence, attachment, gliding, division
- What bacterium is pictured here?
- What is the arrow pointing to?
- Mycoplasma
- an electron-dense core terminal organelle/disc
- What bacterium is pictured here?
- What is the arrow pointing to?
- Mycoplasma
- an electron-dense core terminal organelle/disc
other image
- Describe the cell structure of Mycoplasma
- What drugs won’t work as a result of these structures?
- no cell wall, so beta-lactams R won’t work
- no flagella,
- no fimbriae,
- no lipopolysaccharide so polymixins/colistin R won’t work
“Christine Will Fuck For Lavashak”
Describe the toxins Mycoplasma possesses
- no/rare toxins,
- no/rare cytolysins,
- no/rare invasins
- Describe the Enzymes Mycoplasma uses?
- What drugs won’t work as a result of these structures?
- no/rare catalase
- no/rare superoxide dismutase
- no tricarboxylic acid cycle, no quinones, no cytochromes = reduced capacities for ATP synthesis
- no folic acid synthesis so Sulfa/trimethoprim R won’t work
- RNA polymerase gene, prone to mutation. rifampin R won’t work
naturally RNA poly is multidrug resistant
CRRFT
The cell surface of Mycoplasma is coated with?
- glycolipids –> antigen mimicry (authoimmunity)
- Lipoglycans –> antigen mimicry (authoimmunity)
- lipoprotein –> Switch ON/OFF regularly & changes its coat
- capsular polysaccharide,
- host-derived cholesterol,
- adhesins. …………………………………………..for attachment to diverse host epithelial cells and compounds
Mycoplasma secretes?
- hydrogen peroxide –> kill host cells by oxidizing their lipids, proteins, DNA, RNA by free radicals
- superoxide (O2–) –> kill host cells by oxidizing their lipids, proteins, DNA, RNA by free radicals
- nuclease –> degrade host nucleic acids
- immunoglobulin proteases –> degrade proteins including antibodies
- antioxidant enzymes –> detoxify free radicals
- sialidases –> degrade mucus
- hyaluronidases –> degrade hyaluronate
“HHIASSIN” aka “Hiya, sin!”
What Culture media & growth is needed for Mycoplasma?
- Highly fastidious
- Slow grower
Mycoplasma are ______ (i.e. difficult to _____) and therefore require ______ nutrient media that
includes Mycoplasma agar containing:
1. _______ _____ infusion
2. ________
3. 5% _____ autolysate
4. ________ ______ precursors
5. _______ (200 IU/ml) –> ?
6. _________ ______ (0.125 mg/ml)
7. 20% _______ or ______ serum…
fastidious, isolate, complex, beef heart, peptone, yeast, Nucleic acid, penicillin, thallium acetate, equine, human
- To prevent gram-positive
- To prevent gram-negative
- Serum provides cholesterol, amino acids &
fatty acids for synthesis of its cell membrane since they cannot produce them
On culture media, Mycoplasma is ______ growing (__-__ _____ of incubation) before colonies are apparent on agar which is what contributes to them causing _______ diseases.
slow, 1-2 weeks, chronic
Mycoplasma possess a unique ______ motility using _______ dense core. Have a “______ ______” appearance on agar media.
gliding, electron fried egg
M. mycoides subsp. mycoides, affects ________ and is a ______ colony
cattle, small
M. mycoides subsp. mycoides, affects _______ and is a _______ colony.
goat, large
List and explain the virulence factors of Mycoplasma
- Its cell surface molecules
a. Antigenic variation = which protein is responsible? Lipoprotein
b. Antigenic mimicry = which protein is responsible? lipoglycans and glycolipids - Secreted enzymes
- Its ability to manipulate host cells, internalization, and host genome
- Its ability to live inside and outside host cells to compete for nutrients (parasitism)
What organism is pictured here?
Mycoplasma
List the virulence factors of Mycoplasma
- Biofilms
- Capsule
- Adhesins
- Enzymes
- Toxins (free radicals)
- Antigenic variability
- Antigens mimicry (glycolipid)
- Incorporation of host antigens into Mycoplasma (i.e. capping)
- Intracellular life
Mycoplasma’s capsule contains?
Polysaccharides
What enzymes does Mycoplasma produce?
- Lipase
- Nuclease
- Ig protease
- Sialidase & hyaluronidase
- Antioxidant enzymes
NAILS
Antioxidant enzymes function to ensure bacterial ___________. The antioxidant enzymes that Mycoplasma produces are:
- __________ sulfoxide reductase
- organic ________ reductase
- osmotically inducible ___________ ____.
- ___________ dismutase
- ________
- ___________ reductase,
- _______ peroxidase,
- ______________
survival
methionine, hydroperoxide, protein C, superoxide, catalase, thioredoxin, thiol, peroxiredoxin
What toxins (free radicals) does Mycoplasma produce?
- H2O2
- O2-
- Community- acquired
respiratory distress syndrome toxin
What provides Mycoplasma with antigenic variability?
Lipoprotein
What gives Mycoplasma antigenic mimicry?
- Autoimmunity
- Escape detection by the immune system
Incorporation of the host antigens into Mycoplasma (i.e. capping) allows it to?
Escape detection by the immune system
When Mycoplasma enters the host cell, what does it do?
- Manipulate host genome
- This may lead to diseases e.g. cancer
The strength of Mycoplasma is its ability to elicit chronic ___________, immune _________, ___________, and causing ________?
inflammation, evasion, autoimmunity, cancer
Mycoplasma infection –> Elicits _________
IL’s (3?) –> ________ syndrome, _________, _______? , immune _______ –> elicits ________ –> IL-?
inflammation, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, MAKePSR, autoimmunity, cancer, evasion, inflammation, IL1, IL-2, IL-6 –> ?
Mycoplasma is linked with cancer: Does it cause cancer or infect cancer cells?
Mycoplasma Inhibits _____ expression in host
cells (i.e. a _____ ________ protein)
p53, tumor suppressor
- regulates cell growth but stops at cellular maturity; in case of cancer, cell keeps growing = cancer.
Prostate, breast cancer, etc. mycoplasma has been isolated from
Describe the consequences of the intracellular lifestyle of Mycoplasma.
intracellular: Inside the cells Consequences:
1. they changes the host cell
morphologic & genetic architect
to cause chronic diseases
2. they may cause colon, gastric,
lung, prostate, renal cancers
Describe the consequences of the extracellular lifestyle of Mycoplasma.
extracellular: Reside outside
the host cells very much intimately to membrane
surface
What are the reasons for Mycoplasma parasitizing
host cells:?
they do not synthesize
a. cholesterol,
b. amino acids,
c. fatty acids
List the transmission routes for Mycoplasma.
Transmission routes: airborne
Coughed out and exits respiratory tract —> aerosol
Long distance spread by
air/wind as far as 9.2 km
… like Chlamydia & Coxiella
Transmission routes and source:
1. Sharing the same _______ machine in dairy (Mycoplasma ________)
2. __________ _____ transmission in poultry
- Source
1. Introduction of an ________ animal into an __________ population is a ______ method for dissemination of Mycoplasma
2. Dispersed by _____/_____
milking, mastitis, transovarian, vertical, infected, uninfected, common, wind/air
Describe vertical and horizontal transmission of Mycoplasma gallisepticum
Host ranges and
affected body systems
1. All __________
2. ______ tracts and other body parts ……. ________syndrome
vertebrates, Mucosal, MAKePSR
Host & tissue specificity (but not always)
- Mycoplasma resides in mucosal tracts of which species?
Mycoplasma resides ____ or ______ _______ epithelial cells of:
_______ tracts
________ tract
________
___________ canal
___________ glands
________
- Humans
Livestock and poultry: devastating economically in
ruminant, pig & poultry industry
wild mammals
wild ruminants
Carnivores
primates
Wild birds
tortoise
insects
on, inside, mucosal
respiratory, urogenital, conjunctiva, alimentary, mammary, joints
Mycoplasma species
diversity & its host
diversity
1. Over 130 Mycoplasma species exist…….. about 40-50 are pathogenic
2. Almost all vertebrates
Over 130 Mycoplasma species exist. They show some degree of
host specificity.
Dogs and cats: like chlamydia felis
Horses
Cattle
swine: hyopneumoniae
Farm shut down: for bird section?
Which mycoplasma affecting cattle caused a trade ban? What clinical disease does it cause?
M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, CBPP
Which mycoplasma affecting cattle cause MAKePSR syndrome?
M. bovis
MAKePSR
What is this image showing us?
MAKePSR
Severe arthritis in infected joint of cow with M. bovis
What is this image showing?
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)
Extended head/neck forward,
open mouth,
legs far apart, elbows turned
out,
coughing,
ocular & nasal discharges
What is this image showing?
CBPP infected animal at slaughter showing collection
of pleural fluid
What is this image showing us?
thickening of the interlobular septa
of lung when cut open (marbled
appearance)
What is this image showing us?
Lung adherence to chest wall
M. capricolum subsp. capricolum affects which species? What clinical diseases does it cause?
- Sheep and goats
- Mastitis, arthritis
Which strain of Mycoplasma causes Contagious Cparine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP)? What does this cause?
M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae
Caused a trade ban.
M. mycoides subsp. capri affects which species? What clinical diseases does it cause?
- Sheep and goats
- Pneumonia, mastitis, arthritis, septicemia (goat)
M. agalactiae affects which species? What clinical diseases does it cause?
- Sheep and goats
- Infectious agalactia
Mammary gland atrophy?
M. agalactiae in sheep and goats
–> Mammary gland atrophy
- What is this arrow pointing to?
- What strain of Mycoplasma causes this clinical disease?
- What does this strain also cause?
- Mammary gland atrophy (mastitis) in chronically infected goats with M. agalactiae
- M. agalactiae also causes
conjunctivitis, and arthritis
- What strain of Mycoplasma causes this clinical disease?
- What clinical signs are pictured?
- M. capricolum, M. mycoides, or M. ovipneumonaie ?
- High fever, anorexia,
productive cough,
wide stance,
extended neck
- What strain of Mycoplasma causes this clinical disease?
- What clinical signs are pictured?
- M. capricolum, M. mycoides, or M. ovipneumonaie ?
- (a) Granular lung appearance
(b) Marbling lung & hepatization
- What can be seen in this image?
- What strain of Mycoplasma causes this?
M. hyopneumoniae in a pig.
Note lung discoloration and the cranioventral
consolidation characteristic of enzootic pneumonia
What can be seen in this image?
collapse of the lobes of the infected lung of pig with
M. hyopneumoniae i.e. deflated lobes (atelectiasis)
List the strains of Mycoplasma that infects poultry.
- M. gallisepticum
- M. synoviae
- M. meleagridis
Give Me Some
M. gallisepticum causes what clinical diseases in poultry? What has this done on a national level?
- Chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in chicken, sinusitis, infetious air sacculitis in turkey
- Cause trade ban in the USA & among 7 poultry priority diseases
M. synoviae causes what clinical diseases in poultry? What has this done on a national level?
- Air sacculitis, arthritis, tendosynovitis
- Cause trade ban in the USA & among 7 poultry priority diseases
M. meleagridis causes what clinical diseases in poultry? What has this done on a national level?
- Air sacculitis, sinusitis, arthritis (in turkey)
- Cause trade ban in the USA & among 7 poultry priority diseases
Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. Synoviae in poultry destroys?
Destroys air sacs
Airsacculitis
Abdominal air sac of a chicken that is thickened and cloudy, with blood vessels visible
- What strain of mycoplasma causes this?
- What clinical signs can be seen here?
- M. gallisepticum
- Turkey with sinusitis
showing marked swollen
infraorbital sinuses and
clear mucoid exudate, &
dried nasal exudate with
M. gallisepticum
conjunctivitis, periorbital swelling, & a dried nasal
exudate in chicken
infected with M gallisepticum
- What strain of mycoplasma causes this?
- What clinical signs can be seen here?
- M. synoviae
- Incised swollen foot pad
with granulation tissue
and purulent exudate
surrounding digital
flexors in poultry infected with M. synoviae
Swollen hock joint of turkey by M. synoviae, with viscous yellow exudate in the joint and around the tendons
Mycoplasma affecting horses
M. felis, My equirhinis, M. equipharyngis all cause pleuritis
Mycoplasma affecting pets
blinking excessively because painful
- M. pneumoniae affects which species?
- What clinical diseases does this strain call?
- Humans mainly, (cats and
dogs) - Pneumonia, tracheobronchitis
Chlamydia trichromatis –> causes repro problems?
- M. hominis affects which species?
- What clinical diseases does this train cause?
- How is it transmitted?
- Humans
- Urogenital disease
(vaginosis). - It is a sexually transmitted
disease (STD)
What Lung pathologies does Mycoplasma cause?
Thickening
Extensive fibrin and fibrosis
Hepatization,
marbling,
granuloma with poor blood perfusion
to such lesions
* Encapsulated: May be necrotic
* Thoracic cavity: Straw-colored fluid
* Joints enlarged
is it easy for antimicrobial to reach deep areas in lungs? No,
A tip of an ice-berg concept in the population
*
Mycoplasma can be carried ____________
1. However, in _____ herds/flocks the proportion
of sick animals in the flock/herd (morbidity)
can reach _____%
increases with _____ confinement
2. The proportion of dead animals among
infected (mortality) ranges from ____ to ___%
but vary by ________ factors
3. 25% of recovered animals may become _____
asymptomatically, naïve, 100, close, 30, 80, secondary, carriers
How do you isolate and diagnose Mycoplasma?
- Culture on agar with typical fried egg colonies or gliding motility is a gold standard (but it TERRIBLE)
It detects in clinical samples
The limitation of culture method = it detects only 30-50% using bulk milk tank or individual cow
of subclinical infections - Serology can be applied for surveillance or as part of a biosecurity protocol for buying in new
animals
a. direct or indirect fluorescent staining
b. ELISA
c. Slide Agglutination Test - Nucleic acid based tests (hybridization, PCR): Given the limitations of culture, PCR is the method of
choice for
Mycoplasma detection
Treatment of Mycoplasma (MAKePSR)
How do you control and prevent Mycoplasma infection?
- ____________ of infected herd/flock
- Vaccination ….. ____ and ______ vaccine
- ________ …. All-in-all out practice, single age farm, segregation & traffic control, cleaning and disinfection
- ____ and _____ test- __________ animals ….but remember the “ice-berg concept”
Chemotherapy, live, killed, Biosecurity, Test, cull, positive
The vaccines that are available provide __________/_________ protection. There is no completely protective vaccine which is challenging because Mycoplasma is able to change its _________ make up.
In terms of biosecurity, in rearing units, instituting _______________ systems and avoiding the mixing of ____ groups can help control the disease. Make sure to _____ test and _____ poultry farms infected with Mycoplasma.
Cull = ____ and cull
incomplete, partial, antigenic, all-in-all-out , age, USDA, close, test
Neither _________ nor _________ are effective for the treatment or prevention of Mycoplasma (e.g. mammary infections
by Mycoplasma), ______ is recommended for controlling the disease.
antibiotics, vaccines, culling
