Pasteurella & Mannheimia Flashcards
- What disease do you suspect?
* A. Fowl Coryza
* B. Turkey Coryza
* C. Fowl Cholera
* D. Pneumonia
* E. I don’t have a clue
C.
- What is the most likely agent causing this infection?
- A. Bordetella bronchiseptica
- B. Pasteurella multocida
- C. Haemophilus influenzae
- D. Francisella tularensis
- E. I don’t have a clue
B
Name the distinguishing characteristics of Mannheimia (formerly known as Pasteurella).
* Gram-________ ______
* Stain bipolar with _____ or ______ stain
* Most ferment sugars ______ gas; TSI turns ______
* All species of Pasteurella colonize what parts of the body?
negative, coccobacilli, Wright, Giemsa, without, orange
The respiratory tract, except P.
aerogenes, which colonizes GI tract
Edges of the rod are lighter than the center.
Pasteurella multocida
* Prefers _____ for initial isolation, does NOT grow on _______ agar, is indole ___, has ____ odor
* Colony types may be _____, ____, or ____: only ____ and ____ types are encapsulated and virulent
* Not as host-specific as ______; infections can occur in many animals and humans
blood, MacConkey, +, mousy, mucoid, smooth , rough, mucoid, smooth, Haemophilus
the more mucoid, the more virulent.
Pasteurella multocida
P. multocida causes what disease in poultry?
Fowl cholera
P. multocida causes what disease in cattle & sheep?
Cattle and sheep: hemorrhagic septicemia
pneumonia (BRD), mastitis
P. multocida causes what disease in swine?
Swine: atrophic rhinitis, pneumonia
P. multocida causes what disease in rabbits?
Rabbits: snuffles, pneumonia, septicemia
P. multocida causes what disease in cats and dogs?
Cats & dogs: local infections, bite wounds, respiratory infection
P. multocida causes what disease in humans?
Humans: bite wounds, systemic infections
P. multocida - zoonotic pathogen?
P. multocida
P. multocida is primarily carried in the _____ cavity and _______ tract. Transmission occurs via _______, ______ inoculation
(e.g.?), ______, _____ (fowl cholera)
or is _____.
Don’t live in the ______ for very long transiently.
oral, respiratory, contact, direct, bite, scratches, aerosol, water, endogenous, environment
P. multocida pathogenesis:
Most infections occur following?
Apart of the normal flora of upper respiratory tract of many mammals
*Usually present as a pathogen in birds, but
birds that recover can spread the agent. NOT
normally part of the normal flora of birds.
*most infections occur following stress: e.g.
shipping, viral infection, etc.
- Fowl Cholera is a disease that effects which species?
- Fowl Cholera is caused by what serotypes?
- What is not produced by A serotypes?
- List the clinical signs of Fowl Cholera.
- What does Fowl Cholera result in?
- chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese
- Caused by types A1, A3, A4 (A types contain hyaluronic acid - which is a normal part of host tissues of birds and mammals; host does not form immune response to it, so this is why it is a good way for pathogen to hide in a HA capsule - capsule)
- Exotoxins are not produced by A serotypes
- Clinical signs: overwhelming bacteremia/ septicemia, depression, inappetence, diarrhea
- Chronic infection of air sacs and mucous
membranes
P. multocida bacteria are likely to be in a _______ in chronic infections.
biofilm
P. multocida is a ____ pathogen, not an _____ pathogen, in birds.
frank, opportunistic
Fowl Cholera
* Swollen wattles
* Depressed
* Cellulitis
* Localized and chronic
form
- Purulent material in
swollen wattle - Lesions like this often
contain bacteria in a
biofilm
Blood-stained mucus in
mouth of septicemic
turkey
- Peritonitis in adult
layers in septicemic
form of infection
- Purulent
pleuropneumonia in
10-week old turkey - Pulmonary edema may
be more common in
other fowl
- Cross-section from
previous lung showing
consolidated areas of
pneumonia
- Histopath section
showing acutely
inflamed, necrotic
parabronchus in lung of
12-week old turkey - Fibrinopurulent
exudate is present in
airway
- Masses of Pasteurella
in lung of turkey that
died of dual infection of
P. multocida and
Newcastle disease
- Inflammation of air
spaces within spongy
bone of the skull - Arrow points to
purulent exudate - Grossly this would
present as swollen
head syndrome
Purulent synovitis of a
hock joint from an adult
* Lameness would be
predominant clinical sign
What can be seen in the image below?
Hemorrhagic Septicemia
* Exotic disease of cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats
* Predominately in tropical and subtropical areas of Asia (B2) and
Africa (E2) [select agents]
* Clinical signs: blood in cavities, enteritis, edema, septicemia,
pneumonia due to ***exotoxins
PEECS
- Shipping fever is caused by what disease complex? Specifically what strains?
- What species can contract shipping fever?
- Shipping fever occurs secondary to?
often mixed with other pathogens - List the clinical signs of shipping fever.
- Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex; Predominately caused by type A strains
- Occurs in cattle, goats, and sheep
- Secondary to stress or viral or mycoplasma infection.
- Clinical signs: cough, fever, nasal discharge,
bronchopneumonia
Shipping fever
List the other agents of shipping fever
(Think of BRD as a polymicrobial disease)
* Bovine herpes virus 1
* Bovine virus diarrhea
* Bovine respiratory syncytial virus
* Parainfluenza-3 et al.
* Mannheimia haemolytica
* Histophilus somni
* Mycoplasma bovis
Atrophic Rhinitis is a _______, chronic disease and most likely a _____ infection
- ___. _______ is almost always present with _________ _______.
- Caused by type __ strains, which are distinct in that they produce a ______ that causes bone ______ of ______ and suppresses _____ synthesis. Usually develops at a ____ age so animal does not develop as well.
polymicrobial, biofilm, P. multocida, Bordetella bronchiseptica, D, dermonecrotoxin, resorption, turbinates, osteoid, young
Atrophic Rhinitis is characterized by ____ and _____ of the snout (__-__ week piglets)
* Toxins produced by the bacteria destroy the
developing _____ bones of the nose.
* Inflammation may cause ____ and ______ nasal discharge, ______, and ___ discharge.
atrophy, deviation, 3-7, conchal, bloody, serous, sneezing, eye
- What can be seen in this image?
- How are lesions scored to determine the severity of the disease?
- How can the lacrimal ducts be affected?
Progressive disease
Cross-section of the snout of a 10- week old pig with atrophic rhinitis
* Note displaced septum and atrophic ventral conchae (arrows)
* Such lesions are scored to determine severity of disease
* Lacrimal ducts can become blocked
AT is a polymicrobial and biofilm disease
*Other Swine Diseases
* Secondary respiratory pathogen following influenza and hog cholera: _______
* _______ develop same lesions as in cattle
* ?
pneumonia, Lungs, Endocarditis, arthritis, placentitis
Pneumonia
What can be seen in this image?
Fibrous Pericarditis
* Whitish adhesions
between the two layers
of pericardium is
fibrous connective
tissue (what other
agent(s) can also cause
this)?
Polyceresitis ? differential? = G. parasuis
Snuffles
* Respiratory infection of ___ – mild in its most common form: ______ discharge that occludes ____ and ______ (mucopurulent rhinosinusitis )
* Results in?
* Less common – ______
rabbits, mucopurulent, nares, conjunctiva
Pneumonia with fever, nasal discharge, and respiratory distress; ear infections and others
septicemia
Snuffles
Eye infection caused by snuffles
Peritonitis (following bacteremia)
caused by snuffles
Human pasteurellosis
* Bite wounds
*septicemia, meningitis, abscesses, others
* May also be caused by P. canis, P. dagmatis, P.
pneumotropica, and others
Compromising factors
* Stress: e.g. ____
* ____ or _____ infection
* ___ wounds
* Inclement _______
* Environment less important in ?
shipping, Viral, mycoplasma, Bite, weather, fowl cholera and Bovine
Hemorrhagic Septicemia
List the virulence Properties of P. multocida
- Capsule
- LPS
- Adhesions
- Siderophores
- Toxins
Capsule: ________, capsule (type __) is ________ acid and __________.
* Five capsule types:
* type A associated with disease in ?
* type D associated with ________ _______
* Types B and E associated with ____________ ________
antiphagocytic, A, hyaluronic, nonimmunogenic, A, B, D, E, & F, , cattle, sheep, swine, and fowl, atropic rhinitis, hemorrhagic septicemia
Capsules
* 1. Are made up of?
* 2. Poorly ________ (____-independent Ag)
* 3. _______ coat around bacterium
* 4. Do not activate ______ system
* 5. ___________
* 6. ________
* 7. Specific ___ overcomes protective function
- Carbohydrate (acidic)
- immunogenic, T
- Protective
- complement
- Antiphagocytic
- Nontoxic
- Ab
A. pleuropneumoniae
Outer layer = cell membrane
LPS (or LOS) is an _______. P. multocida has
____ antigenic serotypes. The strains of P. multocida are characterized by ____ and ____ type e.g. ___:___ (most important fowl cholera type)
endotoxin, 16, capsule, LOS, A:1
Adhesins and siderophores
* Fimbriae (pili) are probably very important in _______ (biofilm) to host cells, but are not always easily seen (may be ______)
* Siderophores are expressed under ___-limiting conditions to obtain ___ from the host (multocidin); ___ host-specific than iron binding proteins
* Some strains may produce ___ membrane proteins that bind iron
attachment, upregulated, iron, iron, less, outer
Toxins
** P. multocida, specifically type ___ strains, produces the toxin _______. This toxin causes degenerative _____ in swine ______ due to ______ of bone. It is characterized as ______ and _____
* _______-aid dissemination
* _________-aid colonization
D, Dermonecrotoxin, lesions, turbinates, resorption, cytotoxic, osteolytic, Hyaluronidase, Neuraminidase
When in a biofilm the bacteria produce a novel _______ as part of the matrix
exopolysaccharide
Biofilm of pasteurella
Immunity to P. multocida
* _______ host resistance & defenses
* Antibodies to ______ (not __ and some others), ____, ___,
and probably ___ are protective.
* Is cellular immunity important in chronic infections?
Natural, capsule, A, LOS, toxin, pili
Vaccination for P. multocida
* ______ available
*Not very effective against type __ strains
*do not induce antibodies to toxin of type
___ strains
*Live vaccine for _____ _____ available,
but may be too virulent
Bacterins, A, D, fowl cholera
Other vaccines
* Porcilis AR-T DF, is an inactivated vaccine with a new adjuvant
associated with fewer injection site reactions.
Effective broad-spectrum protection
- Helps protect against viruses and bacteria that cause respiratory and reproductive diseases
- The first vaccine to offer both Type 1 and Type 2 BVD protection
- Vira Shield 6 is the most complete solution for BVD, containing NCP Type 1, NCP Type 2
and CP Type 1
*Other Pathogens
* FOWL: ? disease
* SWINE: ?
* RODENTS: ?
* HUMANS: other ______ species
P. gallinarum-respiratory, P. (A.) ureae and P. aerogenes-commensals, P. pneumotropica-pneumonia, Pasteurella
*Other Species
*Gallibacterium (P). anatis P. multocida subsp.
* P. avium gallicida
* P. canis septica
* P. dagmatis multocida
* P. langaa
* P. stomatis Pasteurella species A & B
* P. volantium
Question to Consider
* What is the most likely agent causing this infection?
* A. A virus
* B. Pasteurella multocida
* C. Histophilus somni
* D. Mannheimia haemolytica
* E. Any or all of the above
In this case, D.
Mannheimia haemolytica
**Distinguishing Characteristics
*Grows poorly or not at all on _______agar
(more likely ______ it , but won’t GROW on it)
*Weakly hemolytic on _____ _____ agar
*Indole _____
*Usually only found in ______ ___ of cattle and sheep, and infections limited to these species.
MacConkey , tolerates, sheep blood, negative, upper RT
** OLD TERMINOLOGY:
Two biotypes: __ and ___, based on biochemical differences
*most infections caused by __ types, but these
have been reclassified as Mannheimia
*T biotypes have been reclassified as
_____________ ______
* 15 serotypes based on _____ antigens
*OLD TAXONOMY CONFUSING WITH
SEROTYPING SCHEME OF ?
* A1 (biotype __, capsular type __)
A, T, A, capsular, Bibersteinia trehalosi, P. multocida, A, 1
M. haemolytica causes what disease in Cattle?
*Sheep: bacteremia, pneumonia, mastitis
(bluebag)
*infections in others animals rare
primary cause of shipping fever
pneumonia; also bacteremia
M. haemolytica causes what disease in Sheep?
bacteremia, pneumonia, mastitis
(bluebag)
M. haemolytics infections in others animals is?
Rare
- M. haemolytica is a primary cause of ?
- Disease requires ____: shipment or ___/______ infection
- Clinical signs: ?
- Lesions caused primarily by ?
- bacterial bovine shipping fever (BRDC)
- stress, viral, mycoplasma
- dyspnea, fever, cough, nasal discharge;
fibrinous pneumonia at necropsy - RTX leukotoxin (lyses bovine white blood cells)
In cases of Shipping Fever (BRD) what can be seen grossly?
head and neck are extended, open-mouth
breathing, and froth on lips due to difficulty in
breathing
- What disease is this cow suffering from?
- Name the clinical sign pictured.
- Bovine Shipping Fever caused by M. Haemolytica.
- Bilateral, mucopurulent nasal discharge
- What diseases cause what can be seen here?
- What can be seen in this image?
Pneumonic areas have scattered, ____ ______ abscesses or * _______ and
consolidation
pale, yellow, Hemorrhage
- What disease results in this gross pathology?
- What can be seen in this image? Apical and cardiac lobes in this animal are dark _____, slightly _______, firm, and contain ___________.
- Boving shipping fever
- Apical and cardiac lobes in this animal are dark red, slightly swollen,
firm, and contain microabscesses
- What disease causes this?
- What can be seen in this image?
* Cross-sections shows __________ lobar
pneumonia with ___- _____ consolidated areas and _________ interlobular septa; * Bronchioles contain ________ exudate
- Bovine shipping fever caused by M. haemolytica
- Cross-sections shows fibrinous lobar
pneumonia with red- brown consolidated areas and thickened
interlobular septa; * Bronchioles contain
fibrinopurulent exudate
- Cross-sections shows fibrinous lobar
Other Bovine/Ovine Diseases
* Hemorrhagic septicemia in nursing lambs (T biotypes; [B.
trehalosi; more common in ______*, but not exclusive to ______)
* Ovine enzootic pneumonia (A biotypes;[M. haemolytica])
lambs, lambs
OVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE
1. List the Clinical signs and stress factors
for respiratory disease
2. The lesions are ?
- same as for cattle except for shipment
- hemorrhagic with pleurisy and pericarditis
- Ovine Mastitis (_______)
- Caused by ?
- Transmitted to ____ by suckling lambs, which carry the agent in the ___ cavity (isolates shift to ___.______ as
the sheep get older) - ______ causes necrosis and lack of blood flow to udder
- Bluebag
- B. trehalosi
- teats, oral, M. haemolytica
- Leukotoxin
Other Mannheimia spp.
* M. granulomatis
* (Roe deer, subclinical mastitis, abscesses, pneumonia)
* M. varigena
* Meningitis, middle ear infection, milk, spleen
* Not common pathogens
List the virulence Properties of Mannheimia
- Capsule: antiphagocytic
- LPS:carbohydrate provides protection, lipid A has endotoxic
properties - Leukotoxin: RTX toxin specific for bovine white blood cells
*lysis of phagocytic cells causes
inflammation as well as direct damage to
host tissue
List the Compromising factors of Mannheimia
- Stress; e.g. shipping
- Previous infections: bovine syncytial virus, parainfluenza
virus, mycoplasma, herpes 1, and Ehrlichia phagocytophilia
(tick-borne fever) - Inclement weather
How can a patient become immune to M. haemolytica?
- Neutralizing antibodies to leukotoxin critical
- Antibodies to capsule
- Antibodies to LPS
- Antibodies to adherence factors (pili and others)
What vaccines are available against Mannhema?
- Bacterins available, but not highly effective (do not induce
neutralizing antibodies to exotoxin) - Live vaccines have been tested and appear more effective
- Current vaccine that is promising consists of concentrated culture
supernatant containing capsule, leukotoxin, membranes, and an
adjuvant
For vaccination of healthy dairy or beef cattle three months of
age or older as an aid in the prevention of pneumonic
pasteurellosis by stimulating immunity to Mannheimia
haemolytica (formerly Pasteurella haemolytica)
How do you diagnose a patient with either Pasteurella or Mannheimia?
SAMPLES, such as?
________ stain (if available)
Characteristic ____ (if cultured)
______, ______, and ______ tests
Hemolysis on _____ and lack of growth on __________
agar
OR—______-_____ (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption
Ionization Time-of-Flight)
**Need to isolate as
____________ organism in high numbers or from
______ site
SAMPLES: abscess material (wound), transtracheal aspirate (lung), or blood (bacteremia)
Bipolar stain (if available)
Characteristic odor (if cultured)
Indole, oxidase, and TSI tests
Hemolysis on blood and lack of growth on MacConkey
agar
OR—MALDI-TOF (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption
Ionization Time-of-Flight)
**Need to isolate as predominant organism in high
numbers or from sterile site
How do you treat a patient with Pasteurella or Mannheimia?
- Sensitive to most antibiotics
- Penicillins usually drug of choice
- Others include ceftiofur, tilmicosin, florfenicol,
tetracyclines (in birds sulfonamides in water are also
used) - Antibiotic resistance can occur; susceptibility test should be
done
