Bartonella, Chromobacterium, Riemerella, Ornithobacterium, Streptobacillus Flashcards
Bartonella is an _____, _______, Gram- _____coccobacilli (_____ _____)
aerobic, fastidious, negative, short rods
This is the most important bacteria of this section.
Bartonella is _____ by ______ flagella
Motile, lophotrichous
At one or both ends
Bartonella is a facultative ______ bacteria
intracellular
Capable of living inside or outside the host cell. Difficult to control
Bartonella is found in ____ and ______ animals (particularly in ___)
wild, domestic, cats
Bartonella is an _____ pathogen –> (______)
opportunistic, Bartonellosis
Bartonella
Prevalent in _____ and _____ regions
warmer, humid
Bartonella is transmitted by an ______ vector ( ___ fleas)
arthropod, cat
Bartonella
B. Henselae
Vector?
Cat fleas
B. Henselae
Reservoir?
Cats
B. Henselae
Incidental Host?
Humans
Dogs
Cats
B. Henselae
Clinical features?
Human: cat scratch disease,
endocarditis
Dog: endocarditis
Cat: subclinical or
bacteremia
B. bacilliformis
Vector?
Sand flies
B. bacilliformis
Reservoir?
Humans
B. bacilliformis
Incidental Host?
Humans
B. baciliformis
Clinical features?
Carrion’s disease
- endemic in Andean valleys
B. quintana
Vector?
Body lice
B. quintana
Reservoir?
Humans
B. quintana
Incidental Host?
Humans
Dogs
Cats
B. quintana
Clinical features?
Trench fever
Cats are reservoirs for ?
Bartonella henselae
Which strains of Bartonella are most commonly encountered clinically?
B. Henselae, B. bacilliformis, B. quintana
Cats are reservoirs for Bartonella Hensilae.
Most are asymptomatic –> tranasmit bartonella to other cats thorugh fleas. While most subclinical, can develop feline bartonellosis (kittens, stressed, comorbidity).
B. Henselae can be transmitted ot dogs, which are more severely effected. Endocarditis is a common side effect in dogs.
Bartonella are _______ bacteria
zoonotic
Describe the pathogenesis of Bartonella
Occurs after a cat scratch. Fleas on cats carry bartonella, feed on blood and excrete bartonella in feces. End up under cats claws during grooming. Cat scratches human –> swollen lymph nodes
Symptoms of cat scratch disease in Immunocompetent individuals
Local lymphadenopathy
(swollen lymph nodes) 1 to 3 weeks after exposure –> Endocarditis
Symptoms of cat scratch disease in Immunocompromised individuals
E.g HIV patients
B. H , –> Bacillary angiomatosis (proliferation of new vessels ) –> every organ system
Bacteria enter endothelial cells and trigger IL-8 production which promotes vascular lesion on skin. Lesions associated with nearly every organ system.
General symptoms of cat scratch disease include?
fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, etc.
Development of Bartonella infection in cats
Fleas transmit Bartonella via excreteion. Bartonella colonize the skin where they enter into migratory cells and then travel to blood stream where they bind to and invade erythrocytes. Replicate and persist. Get out of host by blood sucking arthropod and infect another host.
Virulence factors of Bartonella - Attachment
─ Multiple ______
─ Bartonella ______ ____ (BadA)
─ Filamentous ________
─ ___ system
flagella = highly mobile, adhesin A aka BadA= outer membrane protein for optimal adhesion, agglutionation, biofilm formation and helps prevent phagocytosis, hemagglutinin & Trw = not yet characterized and seem to mediate adhesion to erthrocyte
Virulence factors of Bartonella - Secretion and Invasion
─ ____/____ ‐T4SS
─ ____ proteins*
─ ______
VirB/VirD4, IalAB, * = Invasion-associated locus A and B (ialAB), Hemolysin
Type 4 = bind to host cell and secerete effector proteins
iaIAB = involved in the invasion of erythrocytes
Hemolysins = hemolyses RBCs.
Intracellular pathogen of RBCs, which is important because protects from host Immune repsonse and AB treatment, but contributes to effective transmission.
Is this BadA+ or BadA-?
BadA+
Is this BadA+ or BadA-?
BadA-
What diagnostic tests would you run to determine if your patient was positive for Bartonella bacterium?
- Identify if bacterium is present.
- Serological testing
- Histology
- Radiographs
How would you identify if Bartonalla bacterium is present? What samples would you need to collect in order to perform these diagnostic tests?
–> Identification of bacteria
1. Specimens: blood and tissues
2. Blood-enriched media (3-4 weeks)
3. Warthin-Starry stain
4. PCR or sequencing
What serological tests would you run to determine if your patient was infected with Bartonalla bacterium? What samples would you need to collect in order to perform these diagnostic tests?
–> Serological tests
1. Specimens: blood
2. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
3. Immunofluorescence antibody (IFA)
*** Not recommended for cats due to false positive results; dogs are usually blood culture negative PCR negative.
It is important to look at histological slides to look for?
Inflammation
Would taking radiographs be helpful in this case? Explain why or why not?
Yes because Radiographs (pulmonary edema and cardiac enlargement)
Warthin-Starry stain
Bartonella
Bartonella
How would you treat a patient positive for Bortanella?
Treatment is usually not necessary (cats can develop fever for 2-3 days and then recover)
1. Antibiotic treatment takes a long time, 4-6 weeks
- Doxycycline
- Rifampin
- Amoxicillin
- Enrofloxacin (No use in cats)
How can you control the spread of Bortanella?
Control
1. No vaccine
2. Prevention of cat scratches and bites
3. Flea control
4. Wash with soap and water immediately after you are scratched.
Streptobacillus moniliformis is a highly ________, _______, Gram-_____,
non-_____, facultative ______ bacilli
pleomorphic, filamentous, negative, motile, anaerobic
Streptobacillus moniliformis
is a ________, _______ bacteria
fastidious, microaerophilic
Streptobacillus moniliformis has ___ variant types in morphology:
1. ______ form (pathogenic)
2. ___ form (non-pathogenic): - Lack of a ____ ____
two, Bacillary, L, cell wall
Bacillary form = occurs normally and is pathogenic
Can conform to L form under unfavorable conditions
Streptobacillus moniliformis is present in the _____ respiratory tract of rodents
and is also found in which species?
upper, mice, guinea pigs, gerbils, and squirrels
Streptobacillus moniliformis is a causative agent of ____ _____ _____.
- Streptobacillus moniliformis in the ___.
- _____ ____ in Asia (known as sodoku).
rat bite fever, US, Spirillum minus
Streptobacillus moniliformis
Streptobacillus moniliformis
How is rat bite fever transmitted?
- Rat bite or contact (mouth or nose of infected rodent –> human)
- Ingestion of contaminated products (Haverhill fever = first outbreak here)
- Transmission from rats to cats and dogs to humans –> abscess –? dogs can be a vector and transmit to humans
What are the clinical symptoms of rat bite fever?
fever, rash, joint and muscle pain, headache, vomiting, sore throat
What are the complications of rat bite fever?
abscess, pneumonia, hepatitis, nephritis, meningitis, endocarditis
Streptobacillus moniliformis are ______ bacteria
associated with _____ contact
zoonotic, rodent
Rate bite fever
What specimens would you collect to determine if your patient is suffering from rat bite fever (S. monoliformis)?
blood, synovial fluid, pus, exudates,
and tissue lesions
How would you isolate the bacterium (S. monoliformis) to determine if your patient is infected?
Brain hear infusion enriched with 15%
blood, 20% horse or calf serum, or 5% ascetic
fluid in 5-10% CO2 at 35-37°C for up to 7 days
(fastidious bacteria)
How would you identify the bacterium (S. monoliformis) to determine if your patient is infected?
- Blood agar: Non-hemolytic, small, greyish
colonies - L-form colonies stained by Dienes’ stain
(‘fried-egg’ appearance)
What biochemical tests would you collect to determine if your patient is suffering from rat bite fever (S. monoliformis)?
Catalase(-), Oxidase(-)
What serological tests would you collect to determine if your patient is suffering from rat bite fever (S. monoliformis)?
PCR-based assay
S. moniliformis on blood agar
S. moniliformis L forms
How would you treat of S. moniliformis infection?
–> Antibiotic therapy
1. Penicillin
2. Doxycycline
3. Tetracycline
4. Cephalosporins
5. Surgical drainage
Chromobacterium violaceum
is a Gram-______, facultative _______ ____ shaped bacterium.
negative, anaerobic, rods
Chromobacterium violaceum
is a ____ by ____ or _____ flagella
Motile, polar, lateral
Chromobacterium violaceum
produces a ____ pigment (______)
violet, violacein
Chromobacterium violaceum
is present in ___ and ____ of _______ and ______ regions
soil, water, subtropical, tropical
Chromobacterium violaceum
is an _______ pathogen of ______ (species?)
opportunistic, mammals, humans, pigs, dogs, etc.
Chromobacterium violaceum
leads to ______ ______ disease
fatal systemic
What can be seen in the images below?
Chromobacterium violaceum
Violacein is an _______.
antibiotic
Secete mebrane vesicles containig violacein, and is bacteriocidal towards gram + especilly staph auerus and use vesicles to to ? violacein and trasnport to microbes.
Violacein has an antibiotic activity against
______-_____ bacteria
Gram-positive
Symptoms of C. violaceum in humans include _____ _____ and _______ –> ?
skin abscesses, septicemia, multi-organ abscess, pneumonia
Mortality rate if 53%.
C. violaceum
C. violaceum infection in a horse
* A 3-year-old Quarter Horse stallion
− Recurrent episodes of pneumonia
− Fever (41.3°C) and severe dyspnea
− Multiple nodules in the lung
− Pinpoint lesions in the liver and kidney
− Petechiae in the brain and spinal cord
* Rod-shaped bacteria in the lesions
− Violet-pigmented colonies on cultures
− Gram (-), catalase (+), motility (+)
− API 20E system
− 16S rRNA gene sequencing
C. violaceum infection in a horse
Multiple nodules in the lung
C. violaceum infection in a horse
Petechiae in the brain
and spinal cord
C. violaceum infection in two dogs from Florida
Clinical signs?
* Skin _____
* No ____
*_____-pigmented colonies on cultures
* _____ and _____ administration with _______.
necrosis, fever, Violet, Surgery, antibiotic, fluoroquinolones
Skin necrosis
C. violaceum
C. violaceum
Debridement of tissues
What specimens would you collect if you suspect your patient is infected with C. violaceum?
Specimens: blood, tissues, or exudates
How would you isolate C. violaceum from the samples you collected from your patient?
Isolation and identification:
1. Grow well on nutrient agar, blood agar and
MacConkey agar media with violet pigments
- Almond-like smell
- β-hemolysis
- Biochemical tests: Catalase (+), Oxidase (+)
- PCR assay or MALDI-TOF MS systems
C. violaceum is resistant to which antibiotics?
cephalosporins and ampicillin
C. violaceum antibiotic therapy?
- Fluoroquinolones
- Aminoglycosides 21
C. violaceum
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT)
is a gram-______, non-____, microaerophilic, pleomorphic rods.
negative, motile
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT)
is found from many ____ and _______ species of birds
wild, domesticated
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT)
is an emerging _____ pathogen –> (________)
poultry, Ornithobacteriosis
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT)
is an ____, contagious _______ disease (______ and _______) in what bird species?
acute, respiratory, pneumonia, airsacculitis, chickens, turkeys, and older birds
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT)
spreads via ______ and _____ transmission.
horizontal, vertical
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT)
is not a ______ bacterium.
zoonotic
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT)
Clinical symptoms of ORT in chickens includes?
- Coughing
- Reduced weight gain
- Reduced egg production
- Airsacculitits
- Pneumonia
Airsacculitits with accumulation of yoghurt-like exudates
Pneumonia with accumulation of
fibrin in the parabronchial space
Isolating and identifying ORT:
- Sample: (3)
- _____ blood agar: _______, ____, ____, ____,
non- ______ colonies at 37°C with 5-10% ____ - No growth on _____ agar
- Biochemical tests: Oxidase (__), Catalase (___)
- ____ test
tracheal swabs, lungs, and air sacs
Sheep, Pinpoint, circular, small, grey, hemolytic, CO2, MacConkey, +, -, PCR
How would you treat your patient suffering from ORT?
Amoxicillin administered in drinking water for
3-7 days at 200 ppm
ORT
Sheep blood agar: Pinpoint, circular, small, grey,
non-hemolytic colonies
Riemerella anatipestifer
is Non-____ forming, non- ____, Gram-______ ___.
spore, motile, negative, rods
Riemerella anatipestifer
is ________ in the environment and is found in ___ and _____ ___ species.
ubiquitous, wild, domestic, bird
Riemerella anatipestifer
is a causative agent of _______ ____.
duck septicemia
Riemerella anatipestifer
is a causative agent of duck septicemia a new duck disease found in ?
domestic ducks, geese, turkeys, chickens, and other wild birds
Riemerella anatipestifer
has a ____ mortality (~75%) in ducklings up to __ weeks of age.
high, 6
Riemerella anatipestifer
____-to-____ transmission through ______ tract and ___ wounds
Bird, Bird, respiratory, skin
If infection occurs on a farm it becomes endemic.
Riemerella anatipestifer
What are the clinical symptoms of Riemerella anatipestifer?
- Ocular and nasal discharges
- Sneezing and coughing
- Leg paddling
- Head and neck tremors
- Incoordination
- Depression and anorexia
- Greenish diarrhea
Describe the post-mortem lesions found in a patient suffering from Riemerella anatipestifer.
- Fibrinous pericarditis
- Fibrinous Perihepatitis
- Fibrinous meningitis
- Fibrinous airsacculitis
- Pneumonia may be present
- Fibrin present over liver and heart.
Riemerella anatipestifer
Fibrinous adhesions between the epicardium and pericardial sac
Fibrinous capsular hepatitis and pericarditis
What specimens would you collect if you suspected your patient was positive for R. anatipestifer?
Swabs from infected tissues
What cultures would you use if you suspected your patient was positive for R. anatipestifer?
Blood or chocolate agar: Small, transparent,
and glistening colonies at 37°C in 5-10% CO2
for 48-72 hours (non-hemolytic)
No growth on MacConkey agar
What biochemical tests would you run if you suspected your patient was positive for R. anatipestifer?
Biochemical tests: Catalase (+) and oxidase (+)
What serological tests would you run if you suspected your patient was positive for R. anatipestifer?
MALDI-TOF mass-spectrometry
PCR based techniques
R. anatipestifer
Small, transparent,
and glistening colonies
How would you treat your patient suffering from R. anatipestifer?
–> Antibiotic therapy
1. Ampicillin
2. Amoxicillin
3. Tetracycline
4. Sulfonamides
How would you control the spread of R. anatipestifer?
Hygiene management
D.
B.
Bartonella quintana infection –> Trench fever
Bartonella henselae infection –> Cat scratch disease
Bartonella bacilliformis infection –> Carrion’s disease
B.
D.
Chromobacterium violaceum
Found in soil/water
A = Cat
B = Rat
C = creek
D = Poultry
E = Duck
A & = humans too (zoonotic)
