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Bacteriology/Mycology > Bartonella, Chromobacterium, Riemerella, Ornithobacterium, Streptobacillus > Flashcards

Bartonella, Chromobacterium, Riemerella, Ornithobacterium, Streptobacillus Flashcards

1
Q

Bartonella is an _____, _______, Gram- _____coccobacilli (_____ _____)

A

aerobic, fastidious, negative, short rods
This is the most important bacteria of this section.

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2
Q

Bartonella is _____ by ______ flagella

A

Motile, lophotrichous
At one or both ends

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3
Q

Bartonella is a facultative ______ bacteria

A

intracellular

Capable of living inside or outside the host cell. Difficult to control

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4
Q

Bartonella is found in ____ and ______ animals (particularly in ___)

A

wild, domestic, cats

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5
Q

Bartonella is an _____ pathogen –> (______)

A

opportunistic, Bartonellosis

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6
Q

Bartonella
 Prevalent in _____ and _____ regions

A

warmer, humid

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7
Q

Bartonella is transmitted by an ______ vector ( ___ fleas)

A

arthropod, cat

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8
Q
A

Bartonella

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

B. Henselae
Vector?

A

Cat fleas

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11
Q

B. Henselae
Reservoir?

A

Cats

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12
Q

B. Henselae
Incidental Host?

A

Humans
Dogs
Cats

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13
Q

B. Henselae
Clinical features?

A

Human: cat scratch disease,
endocarditis
Dog: endocarditis
Cat: subclinical or
bacteremia

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14
Q

B. bacilliformis
Vector?

A

Sand flies

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15
Q

B. bacilliformis
Reservoir?

A

Humans

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16
Q

B. bacilliformis
Incidental Host?

A

Humans

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17
Q

B. baciliformis
Clinical features?

A

Carrion’s disease
- endemic in Andean valleys

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18
Q

B. quintana
Vector?

A

Body lice

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19
Q

B. quintana
Reservoir?

A

Humans

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20
Q

B. quintana
Incidental Host?

A

Humans
Dogs
Cats

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21
Q

B. quintana
Clinical features?

A

Trench fever

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22
Q

Cats are reservoirs for ?

A

Bartonella henselae

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23
Q

Which strains of Bartonella are most commonly encountered clinically?

A

B. Henselae, B. bacilliformis, B. quintana

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24
Q
A

Cats are reservoirs for Bartonella Hensilae.
Most are asymptomatic –> tranasmit bartonella to other cats thorugh fleas. While most subclinical, can develop feline bartonellosis (kittens, stressed, comorbidity).
B. Henselae can be transmitted ot dogs, which are more severely effected. Endocarditis is a common side effect in dogs.

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25
Q

Bartonella are _______ bacteria

A

zoonotic

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26
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Bartonella

A

Occurs after a cat scratch. Fleas on cats carry bartonella, feed on blood and excrete bartonella in feces. End up under cats claws during grooming. Cat scratches human –> swollen lymph nodes

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27
Q

Symptoms of cat scratch disease in Immunocompetent individuals

A

Local lymphadenopathy
(swollen lymph nodes) 1 to 3 weeks after exposure –> Endocarditis

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28
Q

Symptoms of cat scratch disease in Immunocompromised individuals

A

E.g HIV patients
B. H , –> Bacillary angiomatosis (proliferation of new vessels ) –> every organ system
Bacteria enter endothelial cells and trigger IL-8 production which promotes vascular lesion on skin. Lesions associated with nearly every organ system.

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29
Q

General symptoms of cat scratch disease include?

A

fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, etc.

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30
Q

Development of Bartonella infection in cats

A

Fleas transmit Bartonella via excreteion. Bartonella colonize the skin where they enter into migratory cells and then travel to blood stream where they bind to and invade erythrocytes. Replicate and persist. Get out of host by blood sucking arthropod and infect another host.

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31
Q

Virulence factors of Bartonella - Attachment
─ Multiple ______
─ Bartonella ______ ____ (BadA)
─ Filamentous ________
─ ___ system

A

flagella = highly mobile, adhesin A aka BadA= outer membrane protein for optimal adhesion, agglutionation, biofilm formation and helps prevent phagocytosis, hemagglutinin & Trw = not yet characterized and seem to mediate adhesion to erthrocyte

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32
Q

Virulence factors of Bartonella - Secretion and Invasion
─ ____/____ ‐T4SS
─ ____ proteins*
─ ______

A

VirB/VirD4, IalAB, * = Invasion-associated locus A and B (ialAB), Hemolysin

Type 4 = bind to host cell and secerete effector proteins
iaIAB = involved in the invasion of erythrocytes
Hemolysins = hemolyses RBCs.
Intracellular pathogen of RBCs, which is important because protects from host Immune repsonse and AB treatment, but contributes to effective transmission.

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33
Q

Is this BadA+ or BadA-?

A

BadA+

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34
Q

Is this BadA+ or BadA-?

A

BadA-

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35
Q
A
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36
Q

What diagnostic tests would you run to determine if your patient was positive for Bartonella bacterium?

A
  1. Identify if bacterium is present.
  2. Serological testing
  3. Histology
  4. Radiographs
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37
Q

How would you identify if Bartonalla bacterium is present? What samples would you need to collect in order to perform these diagnostic tests?

A

–> Identification of bacteria
1. Specimens: blood and tissues
2. Blood-enriched media (3-4 weeks)
3. Warthin-Starry stain
4. PCR or sequencing

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38
Q

What serological tests would you run to determine if your patient was infected with Bartonalla bacterium? What samples would you need to collect in order to perform these diagnostic tests?

A

–> Serological tests
1. Specimens: blood
2. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
3. Immunofluorescence antibody (IFA)

*** Not recommended for cats due to false positive results; dogs are usually blood culture negative PCR negative.

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39
Q

It is important to look at histological slides to look for?

A

Inflammation

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40
Q

Would taking radiographs be helpful in this case? Explain why or why not?

A

Yes because Radiographs (pulmonary edema and cardiac enlargement)

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41
Q
A

Warthin-Starry stain
Bartonella

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42
Q
A

Bartonella

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43
Q

How would you treat a patient positive for Bortanella?

A

Treatment is usually not necessary (cats can develop fever for 2-3 days and then recover)
1. Antibiotic treatment takes a long time, 4-6 weeks
- Doxycycline
- Rifampin
- Amoxicillin
- Enrofloxacin (No use in cats)

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44
Q

How can you control the spread of Bortanella?

A

Control
1. No vaccine
2. Prevention of cat scratches and bites
3. Flea control
4. Wash with soap and water immediately after you are scratched.

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45
Q

Streptobacillus moniliformis is a highly ________, _______, Gram-_____,
non-_____, facultative ______ bacilli

A

pleomorphic, filamentous, negative, motile, anaerobic

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46
Q

Streptobacillus moniliformis
is a ________, _______ bacteria

A

fastidious, microaerophilic

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47
Q

Streptobacillus moniliformis has ___ variant types in morphology:
1. ______ form (pathogenic)
2. ___ form (non-pathogenic): - Lack of a ____ ____

A

two, Bacillary, L, cell wall

Bacillary form = occurs normally and is pathogenic
Can conform to L form under unfavorable conditions

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48
Q

Streptobacillus moniliformis is present in the _____ respiratory tract of rodents
and is also found in which species?

A

upper, mice, guinea pigs, gerbils, and squirrels

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49
Q

Streptobacillus moniliformis is a causative agent of ____ _____ _____.
- Streptobacillus moniliformis in the ___.
- _____ ____ in Asia (known as sodoku).

A

rat bite fever, US, Spirillum minus

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50
Q
A

Streptobacillus moniliformis

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51
Q
A

Streptobacillus moniliformis

52
Q

How is rat bite fever transmitted?

A
  1. Rat bite or contact (mouth or nose of infected rodent –> human)
  2. Ingestion of contaminated products (Haverhill fever = first outbreak here)
  3. Transmission from rats to cats and dogs to humans –> abscess –? dogs can be a vector and transmit to humans
53
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of rat bite fever?

A

fever, rash, joint and muscle pain, headache, vomiting, sore throat

54
Q

What are the complications of rat bite fever?

A

abscess, pneumonia, hepatitis, nephritis, meningitis, endocarditis

55
Q

Streptobacillus moniliformis are ______ bacteria
associated with _____ contact

A

zoonotic, rodent

56
Q
A

Rate bite fever

57
Q

What specimens would you collect to determine if your patient is suffering from rat bite fever (S. monoliformis)?

A

blood, synovial fluid, pus, exudates,
and tissue lesions

58
Q

How would you isolate the bacterium (S. monoliformis) to determine if your patient is infected?

A

Brain hear infusion enriched with 15%
blood, 20% horse or calf serum, or 5% ascetic
fluid in 5-10% CO2 at 35-37°C for up to 7 days
(fastidious bacteria)

59
Q

How would you identify the bacterium (S. monoliformis) to determine if your patient is infected?

A
  1. Blood agar: Non-hemolytic, small, greyish
    colonies
  2. L-form colonies stained by Dienes’ stain
    (‘fried-egg’ appearance)
60
Q

What biochemical tests would you collect to determine if your patient is suffering from rat bite fever (S. monoliformis)?

A

Catalase(-), Oxidase(-)

61
Q

What serological tests would you collect to determine if your patient is suffering from rat bite fever (S. monoliformis)?

A

PCR-based assay

62
Q
A

S. moniliformis on blood agar

63
Q
A

S. moniliformis L forms

64
Q

How would you treat of S. moniliformis infection?

A

–> Antibiotic therapy
1. Penicillin
2. Doxycycline
3. Tetracycline
4. Cephalosporins
5. Surgical drainage

65
Q

Chromobacterium violaceum
is a Gram-______, facultative _______ ____ shaped bacterium.

A

negative, anaerobic, rods

66
Q

Chromobacterium violaceum
is a ____ by ____ or _____ flagella

A

Motile, polar, lateral

67
Q

Chromobacterium violaceum
produces a ____ pigment (______)

A

violet, violacein

68
Q

Chromobacterium violaceum
is present in ___ and ____ of _______ and ______ regions

A

soil, water, subtropical, tropical

69
Q

Chromobacterium violaceum
is an _______ pathogen of ______ (species?)

A

opportunistic, mammals, humans, pigs, dogs, etc.

70
Q

Chromobacterium violaceum
leads to ______ ______ disease

A

fatal systemic

71
Q

What can be seen in the images below?

A

Chromobacterium violaceum

72
Q

Violacein is an _______.

A

antibiotic
Secete mebrane vesicles containig violacein, and is bacteriocidal towards gram + especilly staph auerus and use vesicles to to ? violacein and trasnport to microbes.

73
Q
A
74
Q

Violacein has an antibiotic activity against
______-_____ bacteria

A

Gram-positive

75
Q

Symptoms of C. violaceum in humans include _____ _____ and _______ –> ?

A

skin abscesses, septicemia, multi-organ abscess, pneumonia
Mortality rate if 53%.

76
Q
A

C. violaceum

77
Q

C. violaceum infection in a horse
* A 3-year-old Quarter Horse stallion
− Recurrent episodes of pneumonia
− Fever (41.3°C) and severe dyspnea
− Multiple nodules in the lung
− Pinpoint lesions in the liver and kidney
− Petechiae in the brain and spinal cord
* Rod-shaped bacteria in the lesions
− Violet-pigmented colonies on cultures
− Gram (-), catalase (+), motility (+)
− API 20E system
− 16S rRNA gene sequencing

A
78
Q
A

C. violaceum infection in a horse
Multiple nodules in the lung

79
Q
A

C. violaceum infection in a horse
Petechiae in the brain
and spinal cord

80
Q

C. violaceum infection in two dogs from Florida
Clinical signs?
* Skin _____
* No ____
*_____-pigmented colonies on cultures
* _____ and _____ administration with _______.

A

necrosis, fever, Violet, Surgery, antibiotic, fluoroquinolones

81
Q
A

Skin necrosis
C. violaceum

82
Q
A

C. violaceum
Debridement of tissues

83
Q

What specimens would you collect if you suspect your patient is infected with C. violaceum?

A

Specimens: blood, tissues, or exudates

84
Q

How would you isolate C. violaceum from the samples you collected from your patient?

A

Isolation and identification:
1. Grow well on nutrient agar, blood agar and
MacConkey agar media with violet pigments
- Almond-like smell
- β-hemolysis
- Biochemical tests: Catalase (+), Oxidase (+)
- PCR assay or MALDI-TOF MS systems

85
Q

C. violaceum is resistant to which antibiotics?

A

cephalosporins and ampicillin

86
Q

C. violaceum antibiotic therapy?

A
  1. Fluoroquinolones
  2. Aminoglycosides 21
87
Q
A

C. violaceum

88
Q

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT)
is a gram-______, non-____, microaerophilic, pleomorphic rods.

A

negative, motile

89
Q

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT)
is found from many ____ and _______ species of birds

A

wild, domesticated

90
Q

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT)
is an emerging _____ pathogen –> (________)

A

poultry, Ornithobacteriosis

91
Q

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT)
is an ____, contagious _______ disease (______ and _______) in what bird species?

A

acute, respiratory, pneumonia, airsacculitis, chickens, turkeys, and older birds

92
Q

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT)
spreads via ______ and _____ transmission.

A

horizontal, vertical

93
Q

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT)
is not a ______ bacterium.

A

zoonotic

94
Q
A

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT)

95
Q

Clinical symptoms of ORT in chickens includes?

A
  1. Coughing
  2. Reduced weight gain
  3. Reduced egg production
  4. Airsacculitits
  5. Pneumonia
96
Q
A

Airsacculitits with accumulation of yoghurt-like exudates

97
Q
A

Pneumonia with accumulation of
fibrin in the parabronchial space

98
Q

Isolating and identifying ORT:

  1. Sample: (3)
  2. _____ blood agar: _______, ____, ____, ____,
    non- ______ colonies at 37°C with 5-10% ____
  3. No growth on _____ agar
  4. Biochemical tests: Oxidase (__), Catalase (___)
  5. ____ test
A

tracheal swabs, lungs, and air sacs
Sheep, Pinpoint, circular, small, grey, hemolytic, CO2, MacConkey, +, -, PCR

99
Q

How would you treat your patient suffering from ORT?

A

Amoxicillin administered in drinking water for
3-7 days at 200 ppm

100
Q
A

ORT
Sheep blood agar: Pinpoint, circular, small, grey,
non-hemolytic colonies

101
Q

Riemerella anatipestifer
is Non-____ forming, non- ____, Gram-______ ___.

A

spore, motile, negative, rods

102
Q

Riemerella anatipestifer
is ________ in the environment and is found in ___ and _____ ___ species.

A

ubiquitous, wild, domestic, bird

103
Q

Riemerella anatipestifer
is a causative agent of _______ ____.

A

duck septicemia

104
Q

Riemerella anatipestifer
is a causative agent of duck septicemia a new duck disease found in ?

A

domestic ducks, geese, turkeys, chickens, and other wild birds

105
Q

Riemerella anatipestifer
has a ____ mortality (~75%) in ducklings up to __ weeks of age.

A

high, 6

106
Q

Riemerella anatipestifer
____-to-____ transmission through ______ tract and ___ wounds

A

Bird, Bird, respiratory, skin
If infection occurs on a farm it becomes endemic.

107
Q
A

Riemerella anatipestifer

108
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of Riemerella anatipestifer?

A
  • Ocular and nasal discharges
  • Sneezing and coughing
  • Leg paddling
  • Head and neck tremors
  • Incoordination
  • Depression and anorexia
  • Greenish diarrhea
109
Q

Describe the post-mortem lesions found in a patient suffering from Riemerella anatipestifer.

A
  • Fibrinous pericarditis
  • Fibrinous Perihepatitis
  • Fibrinous meningitis
  • Fibrinous airsacculitis
  • Pneumonia may be present
  • Fibrin present over liver and heart.
110
Q
A

Riemerella anatipestifer
Fibrinous adhesions between the epicardium and pericardial sac

111
Q
A

Fibrinous capsular hepatitis and pericarditis

112
Q

What specimens would you collect if you suspected your patient was positive for R. anatipestifer?

A

Swabs from infected tissues

113
Q

What cultures would you use if you suspected your patient was positive for R. anatipestifer?

A

Blood or chocolate agar: Small, transparent,
and glistening colonies at 37°C in 5-10% CO2
for 48-72 hours (non-hemolytic)
No growth on MacConkey agar

114
Q

What biochemical tests would you run if you suspected your patient was positive for R. anatipestifer?

A

Biochemical tests: Catalase (+) and oxidase (+)

115
Q

What serological tests would you run if you suspected your patient was positive for R. anatipestifer?

A

 MALDI-TOF mass-spectrometry
 PCR based techniques

116
Q
A

R. anatipestifer
Small, transparent,
and glistening colonies

117
Q

How would you treat your patient suffering from R. anatipestifer?

A

–> Antibiotic therapy
1. Ampicillin
2. Amoxicillin
3. Tetracycline
4. Sulfonamides

118
Q

How would you control the spread of R. anatipestifer?

A

Hygiene management

119
Q
A

D.

120
Q
A

B.

121
Q
A

Bartonella quintana infection –> Trench fever

122
Q
A

Bartonella henselae infection –> Cat scratch disease

123
Q
A

Bartonella bacilliformis infection –> Carrion’s disease

124
Q
A

B.

125
Q
A

D.
Chromobacterium violaceum
Found in soil/water

126
Q
A

A = Cat
B = Rat
C = creek
D = Poultry
E = Duck
A & = humans too (zoonotic)

Bacteriology/Mycology (40 decks)

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