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Bacteriology/Mycology > Spirochetes > Flashcards

Spirochetes Flashcards

1
Q

Spirochetales includes ________ genera. Name each.

A

four
Treponema, Borrelia, Brachyspira, Leptospira

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2
Q

Treponema
1.
2.

A

 T. paraluis-cuniculi
 T. brennaborense

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3
Q
  1. Borrelia (ticks intermediary host)
  2. 2.
A

 Borrelia burgdorferi
 Borrelia anserina

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4
Q
  1. Brachyspira (formerly Treponema and then Serpulina) - Anaerobes
    1.
A

 Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

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5
Q
  1. Leptospira
  2. ?
A

Serovars of L. interrogans

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6
Q

List the characteristics of Spirochetales:
1. Slender, ________ (coiled), ________, actively _______, “gram-_______”
2. Divide by _________ fission
3. __-___ um long and ___-__ um wide
4. Have an ______ sheath (OS) that acts as a unit membrane covering the ___________ ______ (PC)
5. Have an _____ _________ inserted through a proximal hook that runs along the PC and under the OS. The AF acts like a ________ providing motility along a _____ path through rotation around the ____ axis and _________.

A

spiral, round, motile, negative, transverse, 5-200, 0.1-3, outer, protoplasmic, cylinder, axial filament (AF), flagellum, helical, long, flexation

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7
Q

Spirochetales may be ?

A

aerobic, microaerophilic, or anaerobic

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8
Q

Spirochetales are typically identified by _________ and ________ properties
 Gram-negative, but too ________ to stain
well by Gram stain
 Observe by ________, _____ contrast, _______________ or stains that make
them thicker (?)

A

morphology, antigenic, narrow, darkfield, phase, immunofluorescence, silver impregnation

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9
Q

What bacteria is this?
Label accordingly.

A
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10
Q

What bacterium can be seen here?

A

Spirochetales

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11
Q

What bacterium can be seen here?

A

Borrelia

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12
Q

What bacterium can be seen here?

A

Treponema

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13
Q

What bacterium can be seen here?

A

Leptospira

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14
Q

Read the case report below. What condition is this patient suffering from?

A
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15
Q

From the above case report, answer the following question

A
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16
Q

Borrelia
- Loosely _______
- _______________
- ______ growing
- Highly _______
- Require _____ chain fatty acids, _______, ______ ______, etc. for growth
- Can be seen by (_____), _______, and _______ stains or _____ (up to 0.5 um wide)

A

coiled, Microaerophilic, Slow, motile, long, glucose, amino acids, Gram, silver, Giemsa, darkfield

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17
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi: _______ Disease

A

Lyme

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18
Q

Lyme disease in humans and borreliosis in
dogs (isolated 1975, cultured 1981)
- Different ____________ in other areas of world:
– (___.______ in Europe and ___._______ in Asia)
- Difficult to ______
– ________ and _______
– Low numbers of organisms present in ________ animals

A

genospecies, B. garinii, B. afzelii, culture, Aerobic, fastidious, infected

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19
Q

Ixodes ticks (primarily __________ ________) act as vectors in the Northeast and Southeast, and (_________ _______) is the primary vector in Pacific areas of the U.S.
 TICKS DO NOT TRANSMIT ______ DISEASE
__________ hosts are small _______ (?)
– Evidence that ____ may also serve as a host

A

I. scapularis, I. pacificus, LYME, Reservoir, rodents, white-footed mice, voles, chipmunks, deer, dogs

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20
Q

Borrelia Pathogenesis
1. Most infections in ______ and _____
2. B. burgdorferi _________ and a novel _______ elicits inflammatory response
3. Large amounts of peptidoglycan continue to be shed in ____, contributing to _____
4. Interleukin-1 release causes ?
5. Body’s defenses may ____ infection at this point or the infection can progress due to _________ of the bacteria and/or an ________ reaction.
6. Virulence factors include phase variation of _______ antigens, _______, and resistance to host _____ immunity
7. There is evidence the bacteria can _________ the host immune response

A
  1. Spring, Fall
  2. lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan
  3. joints, arthritis
  4. fever, rash, arthropathy and antibody synthesis
  5. halt, persistence, autoimmune
  6. surface, motility, innate
  7. suppress
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21
Q

Borrelia infection in ______ is uncommon, but can happen.
1. Symptoms include ____ attitude, back _______, ________, _____, ______, ______, _____, and ________.
2. In _____ infections may occur, resulting in death, and infections in _____ by weaning
3. In endemic areas, 10% of horses may be ________
4. May be ________ or a ______ in performance
5. Treat with ________ or _______ (intravenously and orally, respectively)
6. ________ not recommended

A

Horses
1. cranky, soreness, lameness, fever, depression, arthritis, uvetis, encephalitis
2. utero, foals
3. seropositive
4. asymptomatic, decline
5. tetracycline, doxycycline
6. Vaccination

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22
Q

Spirochetes - DOGS
 Canine infection/disease may be __________, based on serological surveys.
 Dogs may be _________ or ________
 Canine disease ______ than in humans
– Symptoms include ?
– Episodes of lameness occur at intervals of 1 month to 1 year
– CNS infection may occur with _____ pain, seizures
– ________ disease and rarely, _______ may occur
– May take __-__ months after bite for symptoms to appear

A

widespread, asymptomatic, symptomatic, milder

fever, swollen lymph nodes, inappetence,
lethargy, sudden onset of lameness with pain or swelling in two or more joints (usually in front legs).

cervical, Renal, myocarditis, 2-5

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23
Q

Borrelia infection in cattle is ____.
Clinical signs include ?
- In utero infections may occur
resulting in _____ of calves
- (one report of ______, _______,
and __________ in a cow in
Wisconsin)

A

RARE
Lameness, fever, loss of appetite, deaths, arthritis, myocarditis, pneumonitis

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24
Q

Stages of Borrelia Infection in humans:
1. Days to weeks after infection a ____ occurs around area of tick bite.
– Host may contain ______ agents at this point
2. Weeks to months-infection becomes ______
– Clinical symptoms may include ?
- Presence of infectious agent???

A

rash, infectious, systemic

fever, fatigue, rash, arthritis, lymphadenopathy, central and peripheral nervous symptoms

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25
Q

What can be seen in the image below?

A

Borrelia infection in human.

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26
Q

Years after being infected with Borrelia (humans) —> chronic _____ and ______
symptoms, infection of ____ muscle
– In dogs ____ and ________ problems
are rare, but ________ failure can occur in
chronic cases
 ______ range in severity of symptoms
 Borrelia __________ has been cultured from
human skin 10 years after infection

A

arthritis, neurologic, heart, heart, neurological, kidney, wide, B. burgdorferi

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27
Q

Immunity
 Immunity is _____
 Spirochetes are killed by ______ and ______
 PMNs respond by production of IL-? and
TNF__
 So why do chronic infections occur??
– ________ of host immune response
– __________ _______ to peptidoglycan
– Bacteria can’t be cultured, but evidence of
bacterial ____ in certain tissues ______

A

humoral, antibody, complement, 8, IL-1, TNFα

Suppression, Autoimmune reaction, DNA, persist

28
Q

B. burgdorferi: Diagnosis, and Public Health
1. Diagnosis?
2. Samples to be collected?
3. Public health considerations?
4. What laboratory tests would you run?

A
  1. – History, clinical signs and direct staining of tissues and fluids
  2. Blood, CSF, joint fluid, and urine [PCR if available]
  3. Public health considerations
    – Dogs may undergo asymptomatic
    spirochetemia, thus acting as carriers
    – Animals may also be a source of ticks
    IDEXX SNAP 3DX ® (Heartworm, Ehrlichia canis, and B. burgdorferrri)
  4. – Isolation (modified Kelly medium) and identification
    – SEROLOGY more reliable than staining or isolation (?)
     IFA, ELISA, and, Western blot
29
Q

B. burgdorferi - Treatment
– Treatment with tetracycline/__________
or amoxicillin for at least 10-14 days;
ACVIM recommends doxycycline ____ days
for dogs
– In chronic cases, ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
antibiotic is added to the treatment, as is
done in humans with chronic Lyme
disease.
 Clarithromycin and erythromycin are also
effective
– Prevent exposure to ticks

A

doxycycline, 30

30
Q

Vaccine?

A
31
Q

Borrelia theileri is responsible for a ______ _______ ______ of horses, cattle, and sheep in South Africa and Australia (bovine borreliosis). It is characterized by __________ and relapsing _____
 Transmitted by ?

A

mild febrile anemia, spirochetemia, fever, hard ticks (Rhipicephalus spp)

32
Q

Borrelia anserina also known as ?
 Transmitted by ?
 Susceptible species include ?
 Surviving birds recover in about __ weeks with ____ lasting immunity
 _____ agent; not likely in this country

A

Fowl Spirochetosis
the tick Argas persicus and others
chickens, ducks, turkeys, geese,
pheasants, pigeons, canaries, game birds, etc.

2, long, Exotic

33
Q

What tick can be seen here?

A

Borrelia anserina

34
Q

What ticks can be seen here?

A

Borrelia anserina

35
Q

Symptoms and clinical disease of B. anserina
 Clinical signs
– Acute ______ with depression, progressive ____, _____ and inflammatory necrobiotic changes in parenchymal organs and the gastrointestinal tract.
The birds are ____, ______; _____ diarrhea with considerable amounts of ____ is observed.

How does this grossly affect internal organs?

A

septicemia, paresis, paralysis, depressed, cyanotic, greenish, urates

Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and anemia

36
Q

What can be seen in this image?

A

B. anserinia

Liver mottled with necroses and
marginal infarctions. Usually,
bile-colored mucoid enteritis is
observed

37
Q

Continued
 Diagnosis of B. anserina
– demonstration of spirochete on _______ _____
*(________ microscopy helpful)
– Isolation in _______ or ______ embryo or medium containing rabbit tissue
 Penicillin, chloramphenicol, tylosin, streptomycin, and tetracycline are effective if treatment is early, not when
large numbers of spirochetes are in blood
 Vaccination with ________ (chicken embryo passage) available, but serotype specific; serotypes vary by region

A

blood smear, darkfield, chicken, turkey

bacterin

38
Q

What can be seen in this image?

A

B. anserina

Direct Staining of blood smear
Spirochetes
Nucleated RBCs

39
Q

Borrelia coriaceae causes ? primarily in Western U.S.
 Transmitted by ?
 May be ___________ infection or ____ of fetus after repeated infection

A

epizootic bovine abortion, tick Ornithodorus coriacens

asymptomatic, abortion

40
Q

Relapsing fever in humans
– Due to a variety of Borrelia species, including ?
– Species transmission?

B. vincenti
– Normal _______ flora in humans
– Causes ______ mouth in humans
- Ulcerative (?), suppurative infection of ____ and ____ cavity
 Ulcerative ____________ and _____________
 May cause similar disease in _____

A

B. recurrentis, Animal to human as well as human to human (lice)

mouth, trench, Vincent’s angina, gums, oral, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, dogs

41
Q

Treponema
___________ treponemes
1. Associated with this pathological disease: _________ ____________ __________ __________
(AKA?) in dairy cows
2. Hooves have _____, painful, ________-like lesions on skin, or ______, raised, ____-like lesions. Also characterized by _________ of the skin on the ____ and around the ____
results in lameness
3. Novel treponeme isolated from lesions named _________________ ________
– 16S rRNA analysis shows similarity to T. phagedenis, T. denticola, T. vincentii, and T. maltophilum
4. ______ vaccine was available from Novartis (now Elanco), but appears to be ?

A

Anaerobic
1. bovine papillomatous digital dermatitis, heel warts or hairy footwarts
2. moist, strawberry, chronic, wart, ulceration, heel, hoof
3. Treponema brennaborense
4. Bacterin, no longer be available

42
Q
  1. T. brennaborense causes ?
  2. How would you diagnose infection caused by T. brennaborense? Diagnosis:
  3. Spirochetes are found in _________ and ______ tissues
  4. Most likely a ________ disease and ______
A
  1. bovine papillomatous digital dermatitis
  2. clinical symptoms and histopathology
    “strawberry” lesion
  3. subcutaneous, deeper
  4. polymicrobial, biofilm
43
Q
A

T. brennaborense

44
Q
  1. Ovine footrot (AKA? )
  2. Seen in what parts of the world?
  3. The disease is associated with __________ related to those in cattle, therefore, this agent may also involve T. brennaborense, but __________________ ______________, and _______________ _____________ are
    recognized as the primary agents
  4. Treatment by _________ and topical _________ (penicillin or ceftiofur) effective
    – ____________ of infection is common due to contamination of the environment
  5. 20% ________ ______ footbaths and cleaning the _______ helpful
A
  1. contagious ovine digital dermatitis
  2. England, Australia, New Zealand and surrounding areas
  3. treponemes, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Dichelobacter nodosus,
  4. debridement, antibiotics, Recurrence, 4. zinc sulfate, environment
45
Q

What disease is this goat suffering from?

A

Ovine footrot.

46
Q
  1. How is ovine footrot controlled?
  2. Is ovine footrot a poly-microbial infection?
  3. All agents likely contribute to the ?
  4. Describe the treatment for ovine footrot?
A
  1. Ovine footrot is controlled by treating and culling, followed by strict regulation to
    prevent reinfection
  2. Yes
  3. disease process and inflammation
  4. Treatment/removal (debridement and antibiotics) of the primary agent may be adequate to clear the infection
47
Q
  1. T. paraluis-cuniculi causes ?
  2. Lesions consist of ______ and _____ on ?
  3. Diagnosis is by identification of _______ by _______ from lesions
  4. Has not been cultivated ____ _____
  5. ______ is effective
  6. In humans treatment of human syphilis can result in ?
A
  1. rabbit syphilis or vent (genitalia) disease
  2. vesicles, scabs, prepuce, vagina, and perineal region
  3. spirochetes, darkfield, in vitro
  4. Penicillin
  5. Jarisch– Herxheimer reaction
48
Q
A

Trepnema spp.

49
Q
A
50
Q
  1. Brachyspira (Serpulina) hyodysenteriae causes _________ in pigs.
  2. Clinical signs include:
  3. Formerly known as ?
  4. Causes ______ and ______ swine dysentery in weanling pigs (________ and ________)
  5. ___________ _________, requires media
    supplemented with serum
  6. Can survive several months in _____ effluent, but ______________ _____ are major reservoir
A
  1. dysentery
  2. depression, sleepiness, lack of appetite, and bloody diarrhea.
  3. Serpulina (Treponema) hyodysenteriae
  4. acute, chronic, growers, finishers
  5. OBLIGATE, ANAEROBE, manure, ASYMPTOMATIC PIGS
51
Q
A

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

52
Q

B. hyodysenteriae :
Pathogenesis and Virulence
1. Infects pigs following their __________ of ______ material.
2. The organism survives the stomach’s ______ and passes through the _____ intestine to colonize the ____ intestine. Infection is limited to _______ of _____ intestine.
3. Other intestinal bacteria (B. fragilis, F. necrophorum) aid colonization by ?
4. The bacteria are highly _____ due to a large number of _______, enabling them to penetrate mucous, colonize colonic crypts, and invade _______ _____

A
  1. ingestion, fecal
  2. acidity, small, large, mucosa, large,
  3. B. hyodysenteriae
  4. motile, flagella, goblet cells
53
Q

B. hyodysenteriae :
Pathogenesis and Virulence

Degeneration of enterocytes and _________
production of ______ by goblet cells
 Leukocyte infiltration
 Virulence due to 26.9 KDa _______ similar to streptolysin “S”
 Similar infections may be due to B. pilosicoli, which causes swine spirochetosis (nonfatal diarrhea and poor growth)

A

excessive, mucus, hemolysin

54
Q

What can be seen in this image?

A

B. hyodysenteriae :
Pathogenesis and Virulence

Gross pathology: Inflammation of
the large bowel
Thickening of the mucosal folds
with an intense inflammatory
response results in reddening of
the mucosa, which is covered by
intensely secreted mucus and
some fibrin

55
Q

What can be seen in the image below?

A

B. hyodysenteriae :
Pathogenesis and Virulence

Gross pathology: Inflammation of
the large bowel
In later stages a severe
ulcerative to necrotizing
colitis is characteristic

56
Q

What disease pathogenesis results in this histological image?
What type of stain is being used?
What else can be seen here?

A

B. hyodysenteriae :
Tissue Silver - impregnation staining
Brachyspira in goblet cells

57
Q

What disease pathogenesis results in this histological image below?
What stain is being used here?
What else can be seen here?

A

B. hyodysenteriae :
Tissue Silver - impregnation staining
Brachyspira in goblet cell

58
Q
A
59
Q

B. hyodysenteriae: Clinical Signs and Immunity
 Disease may be mild to peracute with death
 Mild disease: _________ _______ with _____ of ______ (differentiate from ?)
 _________ __________ in acute exposure
 Profuse, ______ diarrhea with ______ (dysentery) in animals with increased susceptibility and death
 Immunity
– Antibodies to ________ (____) are protective
– Nine serotypes based on ____ antigens
– Some ______ _______/______ may phase vary antigenically to avoid host immunity
– ________ provide protection to appropriate serotypes

A

mucoid diarrhea, flecks, blood, swine spirochetosis,

Severe diarrhea, bloody, mucous, lipopolysaccharide, LPS, LPS, surface proteins/lipoproteins, Bacterins

60
Q

B. Hyodysenteriae - Control
– Effective drugs include: organic arsenicals, tylosin,
gentamicin, nitrofurazone, carbadox and lincomycin provided in feed or water
– PREVENTION: ________ ____ herd additions
– ________ provide some protection against infection and protective immunity is _______
– ____-___-____-____ management practice
 B. hyodysenteriae has been isolated from mice, rats, dogs, and
wild birds, including seagulls. Open floor channels running
between pens can spread this disease.

A

quarantine, new, Bacterins, humoral, all-in-all-out

61
Q

B. Hyodysenteriae - Diagnosis
 _________ _____ and _________
 Culture can be accomplished by progressive filtration (e.g. 2 um, 0.8 um, 0.45 um) of GI extracts
 Spirochetes in final filtrate can be cultured on blood agar under anaerobic conditions (may require 10 days to grow at 42°C)
 Selective medium is also available
 Appear as hemolytic film, and can be seen by darkfield microscopy
 Serologic tests not yet available or reliable

A

Clinical signs, histopathology

62
Q

What disease pathogenesis results in what is being pictured in the blood smear below?
What can be seen here?

A

B. hyodysenteriae
large zone of β-hemolysis

63
Q

What disease causing agent results in what can be seen below? What can be seen here?

A

B. hyodysenteriae
Thickening of the mucosal folds of
large bowel

64
Q

Other spp of Brachyspira
 B. pilosicoli: intestinal spirochetosis (zoonotic?)
– Other species that may cause infection of the colon
 B. aalborgi
 B. intermedia
 B. alvinipulli
 These species occur in the GI tracts of various animals and
may cause disease (chronic mucoid diarrhea and wasting)
or be asymptomatic
 “The genus Brachyspira currently encompasses seven valid species that
colonize the intestines of mammals and birds. In a previous study a group of
strongly haemolytic isolates from pigs and mallards was provisionally
described as a new species within genus Brachyspira, “B. suanatina”, and
enteropathogenic properties were demonstrated in a porcine challenge
model.” (BMC Microbiology, 2015, Mushtaq et al.).

A
65
Q

Spirochete Disease (overgrowth of _________)
 Infections may occur in ____ animals, _______, non-human _______, and
particularly? (infections in ___ in U.S. increasing).
 Symptoms may include ______ and _____
 Spirochetes attach to intestinal _____ and
cause erosion of _______ layer, _________,
and depletion of _____ cells

A

spirochetes, wild, humans, primates, dogs, pigs, and birds, birds, diarrhea, wasting, wall, epithelial, hyperplasia, goblet

Bacteriology/Mycology (40 decks)

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