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Coliforms Flashcards

1
Q

Are coliforms lactose fermentors or lactose nonfermentors?

A

Lactose fermentors

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2
Q

Coliforms are apart of CEEK.

A

Citrobacter
Enterobacter
Klebsiella

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3
Q
A
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4
Q

Name the sites of colonization and extraintestinal disease production by coliforms and Proteus.

A
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5
Q

Name the three important species of Klebsiellla. Which of these members are apart of ESKAPE?

A

Three species are super important
1. K. aerogenes
2. K. pneumoniae
3. K. oxytoca

K. aerogenes, K. pneumoniae

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6
Q

Which strains of Klebsiella are resistant to Carbapenem?

A
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7
Q

Klebisella is gram _______

A

negative

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8
Q

Klebsiella has what type of antigen?

A

Somatic O antigen aka has LPS

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9
Q

Is Klebsiella a lactose fermentor or lactose nonfermentor?

A

Lactose fermentor.

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10
Q
A

Klebsiella
Highly mucoid colony due to very
thick capsule

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11
Q

Decribe Klebsiella’s motility.

A

Non-motile (no flagella) (unlike Enterobacter)
 Thus, do not have flagella or H antigen

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12
Q

Does Klebsiella produce H2S gas?

A

No

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13
Q

Is Klebsiella urease positive or negative?

A

Urease positive, unlike enterobacter

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14
Q

How many different O antigens/serotypes does Klebsiella have?

A

8 to 11

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15
Q

How many different K antigens or K serotypes does Klebsiella have?

A

Capsule

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16
Q

Two K. pneumoniae types by the size of their capsule

A
  1. Classical K. pneumoniae (top) vs.
  2. hypercapsulated hypervirulent (bottom) K. pneumoniae strains
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17
Q

Hypervirulent vs. classical K. pneumoniae identification by string test on the bases of mucoid polysaccharide capsule

A
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18
Q

Name the major virulence factors of Klebsiella

A
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19
Q

What is the activity of capsular (slime layer)?

A

Evade phagocytosis and immune evasion

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20
Q

What is the activity of lipopolysaccharides?

A

Evade serum killing factors & phagocytosis (endotoxin)

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21
Q

What is the activity of adherence factors (type 1 fimbrae)?

A

Adhere to host surfaces & for conjugative plasmid exchange

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22
Q

What is the activity of biofilms?

A

Survive in harsh environment

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23
Q

What is the activity of outer membrane proteins?

A

Protect bacteria from the effect of antimicrobials

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24
Q

What is the activity of siderophores?

A

Rob iron from the host cell

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25
Q

What is the activity of urease?

A

Allow growth in urinary tracts

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26
Q

What is the activity of colbactin?

A

Interfere with the host cell cycle, DNA damage or may cause colorectal cancer

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27
Q

What is the activity of plasmis

A

multidrug resistance

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28
Q

Why is Klebsiella super resistant to diverse antimicrobials?

A

Klebsiella contains 5 plasmids 1. pKPN3,
2. pKPN4,
3. pKPN5,
4. pKPN6
5. pKPN7
Plasmids sit inside cytoplasm.
Carry AMR gene (plasmids listed below) and toxins.
Very resistant to antimicrobials because of this.

30
Q

Name the habitats and sources of Klebsiella

A

1.
mouth, skin, vulva, teats, & colon of vertebrates & human bowel and respiratory tract of humans and animals
2.
found in feces, soil, water and sewag

31
Q

Klebsiella is abundant on ?

A

dairy farm and dairy cows

32
Q

How is Klebsiella transmitted

A
  1. All from own flora
  2. Oral-fecal route for entry and exit
    Food of animal or plant origin or water.
    Need to manage food hygiene.
33
Q

Most Klebsiella infections are caused by two Klebsiella spp.

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae
 pneumonia,
 mastitis
Klebsiella oxytoca
 colitis,
 sepsis,
 mastitis

Klebsiella is mostly found in hospital settings

34
Q

Diseases caused by Klebsiella involve ?

A

three tubular tracts and beyond
Ulcerative colitis
urinary tract infections
notably pneumonia
mastitis
septicemia
Liver abcess
meningtisi

35
Q

Klebsiella pneuoniae causes?

A

Pneumonia
Infiltrates the bronchi, bronchiole
Its name derived from the disease it causes i.e. pneumonia

36
Q

Klebsiella causes liver abcesses in humans and beef cattle.

37
Q

How do you isolate, identify, and diagnose methods of Klebsiella

39
Q

What are the two medically important Enterobacter?

A
  1. Enterobacter cloacae
  2. Enterobacter sakazakii
  3. Enterobacter aerogenes (now become Klebsiella aerogenes)
40
Q

Which enterobacter species often exhibit MDR?

A

Enterobacter cloacae

41
Q

What is the new name of Enterobacter sakazakii?

A

Cronobacter sabazaki

42
Q

Which Enterobacter species contaminates infant powder?

A

Enterobacter sakazakii
Contaminate infant powdered formula causing enteroclotisis, sepsis,, meningitis.

43
Q

Enterobacter is a member of _______ bacteria within ___________

A

coliform, Enterobacteriaceae

44
Q

What are the unique characteristics of Enterobacter?

A

Unique characteristics Lactose fermenter
Motile by means of peritrichous flagella Urease negative (like Salmonella)

45
Q

What culture media can be used to isolate and identify Enterobacter?

A
  • MacConkey agar * Blood agar
46
Q

What happens when you grow Enterobacter on blood agar?

A

When grown on blood agar, Enterobacter spp. have been found to have a fecal odor.

47
Q

Describe the habitat of Enterobacter

A

Human & animal reservoirs and hospital-acquired infections
* Digestive tracts of animal hosts (vertebrates and invertebrates),
* vulva, and
* oral cavity
* Clinical/hospital environments and patients, health care staff equipment, such as probes, catheters, etc.
* home and industrial environments
* foods
* water, sewage, soil, plants, animal feces

48
Q

List the virulence factors of Enterobacter?

A
  1. Flagella: for motility, biofilm formation, protein export, and adhesion
  2. Like Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacter spp. has different endotoxins
  3. As a member of Gram-negative bacteria, Enterobacter also has the type III secretion system (TTSS), which is recognized as a pathogenicity factor
  4. Alpha-hemolysins
  5. Cytotoxins similar to Shiga-like toxins II, “thiol-activated pore-forming
    cytotoxins”
  6. Sidorophores = rob iron from host cells
  7. Plasmids for multi-drug resistance
49
Q

Enterobacter cloacae is a member of the ______ group, which contains the major
resistant bacterial pathogen

50
Q

Theemergenceofmultidrugresistance(MDR)
* ESBL genes confer resistance to most β-lactam antibiotics e.g. cephalosporins and monobactams.
* blaKPCgenesforresistancetothelast-resortcarbapenems meropenem, imipenem, and ertapenem

51
Q

What diseases do Enterobacter cause?

A

Diseases in immunocompromised patients
* urinarytractinfection– ranked the 3rd in the USA
* intra-abdominalinfection
* pneumonia
* bacteremia/septicemia
* wounds

52
Q

What are the three clinically important species of Citrobacter

A

Citrobacter spp. include:
1. C. freundii
2. C. koseri
3. C. diversus

53
Q

Characteristics of Citrobacter
* Gram-_____ ___
* Motile by their ______ ____ (__ antigen)
* ______ fermenter —slowly …. member of ______ bacteria
* Produce ___ gas on TSI agar
* Use _____ as their sole source of carbon
* Urease ______ which is why their name is citrobacter; can convert pH of urine because urease positive
lipopolysacharide
* Antigenic structure: ___, ___, ___ antigens

A

negative rod, peritrichous flagella, H, Lactose, coliform, H2S, citrate, positive, O, H, K

54
Q

Citrobacter spp. are continuously excreted with?

A

feces from humans and animals

55
Q

Like Enterococcus and Proteus, Citrobacter can be used as ?

A

fecal material contamination indicator of environment, water, food, feed, etc.

56
Q

What is the habitat of Citrobacter

A
  • Digestive tracts of animal hosts (vertebrates nad invertebrates)
  • vulva, and
  • oral cavity
57
Q

Virulence factors of Citrobacter

A
  • Little is known about the pathogenicity and virulence factors, but believed to have:
     adhesins,
     motility,
     biofilm formation,
     immunoavoidance,
     toxins &
     nutrient/iron acquisition
58
Q

Citrobacter
Injection of diverse products into host cells (epithelial cells) using:
 its syringe (type ___ secretion system)
 This promotes intimate _____ of Citrobacter to the manipulated epithelial surface

A

III, attachment

59
Q

What are the host ranges of Citrobacter?

A
  • Citrobacter spp. include * C. freundii
  • C. koseri
  • C. diversus
  • Hosts of Citrobacter spp. include: humans (zoonotic)
     animals
    aquatic species and reptiles (e.g., catfish, rainbow trout, and turtles)

Most dangerous to reptiles and fishes

60
Q

Citrobacter spp. are rare opportunistic nosocomial bacteria

61
Q

Citrobacter spp cause

A

Cause:
enteritis & intra-abdominal sepsis urinary tract infection
 endocarditis
 pneumonia
brain abscesses
septicemia in neonatal infections with aggressive meningitis, sepsis, multiple abscess in the brain and joints
wound infections

62
Q
A

In a rare case causes bulla
Bulla formation on lower leg by Citrobacter koseri

63
Q

Citrobacter is also reptile diseases

A

Like Salmonella, Citrobacter is frequently associated with reptiles (turtle) production industry
septicemic cutaneous ulcerative disease in turtles petechiae on the carapace/shell & skin
 anorexia,
 lethargy, liver necrosis,

64
Q
A

Citrobacter – reptile diseases
Septicemic Cutaneous Ulcerative Disease

65
Q
A

Citrobacter – reptile diseases
Subcutaneous Abscesses

66
Q
A

Citrobacter – fish diseases fish suffering from ulcer disease
Arrow shows the rotten and necrotic muscle

67
Q

How do you isolate, identify, and diagnose Citrobacter

68
Q

Summary
* Three spp. of Citrobacter are medically important
* The virulence factors of Citrobacter is not well studied
* They are a major problem of aquatic animals (fish) and reptiles
* In addition to affecting the three tubular tracts of vertebrates and other vital organs,
 they also attack the skin of humans (bulla formation) and fishes/reptiles (ulcerative dermatitis)

Bacteriology/Mycology (40 decks)

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