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Bacteriology/Mycology > Pseudomonas & Burkholderia > Flashcards

Pseudomonas & Burkholderia Flashcards

1
Q
A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Colored by counter stain ?

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2
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa are Gram-______, _____, _____

A

negative, aerobic, rods

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3
Q

What can be seen in this image here? What is its purpose/function?

A

P. aeruginosa possess polar flagella which assist in Motility & Attachment

Single flagellum

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4
Q
A

P. aeruginosa – Fruity, grape-like smell
Produce metabolite called Aminoacetophenone –> responsible for grape smell

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5
Q

Label this image accordingly

A

P. aeruginosa – Diffusible pigments

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6
Q

P. aeruginosa is an ________ pathogen

A

opportunistic
can be detected in healthy animals

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7
Q

P. aeruginosa can be found where in the environment? What species does it effect?

A

(everywhere)
1. Water
2. Soil
3. Plants
4. Hospitals (nosocomial infection)
5. Home
Love moist environments and plastics

immunocompromised individuals –> devestating

Humans, dogs, cats, bovine, sheep, chickens, horses, snakes, hippos (pretty much all animals)

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8
Q

P. aeruginosa - Antibiotic resistance

A

Ability to upregulate impermeability so drug can not penetrate it.
Produce beta lactamases that degrade beta lactam antibiotics such as penicilins
theey also have muktidrug efflu pumps that pump urg out of bat4eira, making them reistant to antibotiocs
AMe altes riboomoal inding sites –> ? ineffective
priduce alginate = slime like mucoid polysacchride
visoucs gel surrounding bateira assit in generating biofilm protets abcteria from antibiotics.

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9
Q

Name the toxins Pseudomonas possesses.

A

Toxins:
Exotoxin A (ADP-ribosylation of EF2),
Phospholipase C (hemolysin),
Pyocyanin (ROS),
Pyoverdine (Siderophore)

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10
Q

Name the structures that pseudomonas possesses that assists with attachment.

A

Pili, Flagella,
LPS (endotoxin) recognized by immune cells and induces strong inflammatory response –> septic shock

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11
Q

Name the structures that pseudomonas possesses that assists with Biofilm formation.

A

Mucoid EPS (Alginate)
biofilm protects bacteria from antibiotics nad host immune respoinses.

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12
Q

Name the type 3 secretion system that pseudomonas possesses

A

see slide again.

Exoenzyme S
important because enodtoxin is translocated intohost cells thorugh type 3 secretion system
induces cell death by apoptosis and prevents phagocytic killing

Exotoxin A –> endocytosis of toxin ?

Phosphoplipase C –> lyses host membrne and leads ot cell deeath

Pyocyanin –> taken up by host cell where it generates reactive oxygen speceis
pyoveridine –> binds to iron and provides essential nutrient to microbes sequestong microbes from host cell
degradative enzymes

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

What are the symptoms and side effects of P. aeruginosa infection ?

A
  1. Skin infections
  2. Ear infections
  3. Eye infections
  4. Respiratory infections
  5. Bloodstream infections
  6. Other
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15
Q

Skin infections caused by P. aeruginosa cause _____ ___ in sheep.

A

fleece rot

Water penetration of fleece allows pseudomonas infection. reported in conditions associated with prolonged or heavy rainfall.

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16
Q

Skin infections caused by P. aeruginosa cause ________ in dogs.

A

pyoderma

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17
Q

Ear infections caused by P. aeruginosa cause ________ ____ in dogs & cats.

A

otitis externa

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18
Q

Ear infections caused by P. aeruginosa cause ________ ____/_____ in chinchillas.

A

otitis media, interna

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19
Q

Eye infections caused by P. aeruginosa cause ________ _________ in dogs, cats, and horses.

A

Ulcerative keratitis

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20
Q

Respiratory infections caused by P. aeruginosa cause ______________ in dogs, cats, and chinchillas.

A

pneumonia

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21
Q

Bloodstream infections caused by P. aeruginosa cause ___________ & septicemia in chinchillas.

A

Bacteremia & Septicemia
Through bloodstream –> brain, GI tract, urinary tract, etc.

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22
Q

Other types of infections caused by P. aeruginosa cause _________ in cattle and sheep and _______ _____ in snakes.

A

mastitis, necrotic stomatitis

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23
Q

What specimens should you collect from a patient that you suspect is infected with P. aeruginosa?

A

pus, respiratory aspirates, milk samples, ear swabs, etc.

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24
Q

What cultures should you use to isolate the bacterium if you suspect your patient is infected with P. aeruginosa?

A
  1. Nutrient agar
  2. MacConkey agar
  3. Blood agar

incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24 to 48 hours

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25
Q

What biochemical tests should you use to identify the bacterium if you suspect your patient is infected with P. aeruginosa?

A

Oxidase, catalase

positive for both!

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26
Q

What molecular-based techniques should you use to confirm the diagnosis of the bacterium if you suspect your patient is infected with P. aeruginosa?

A

PCR and sequencing

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27
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28
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29
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30
Q

How would you treat your patient if they were infected by P. aeruginosa?

A

Identify and eliminate the sources of infection: water, diet, surroundings.
1. Antibiotic therapy
- Perform Antimicrobial susceptibility testing prior to administering antibiotics
2. Vaccines
- for farmed mink and chinchillas

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31
Q

Which drugs are less effective against Pseudomonas?

A

Penicillin, Ampicillin, Tetracycline, First- and
Second-generation Cephalosporins,
Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Erythromycin,
and Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine

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32
Q
A
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33
Q

Pseudomonas fluorescens is a gram-_______, _____, _______ _____.

A

negative, motile, aerobic rods

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34
Q

Pseudomonas fluorescens is unable to ferment _______.

A

glucose

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35
Q

Pseudomonas fluorescens produces ________ pigment (_______).

A

fluorescent, pyoverdine (ciderophore = high affinity iron chelating compound essential for aquistion of iron and ? growth).

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36
Q

Pseudomonas fluorescens is present in ____ and _____.
* Skin ulcers and septicemia in reptile and
freshwater fish

A

soil, water

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37
Q

Pseudomonas fluorescens is causes skin _____ and _______ in reptiles and
freshwater fish.

A

ulcers, septicemia

38
Q
A

Pseudomonas fluorescens produces a fluorescent pigment (pyoverdine)

39
Q
A

Skin infection with Pseudomonas fluorescens
in carp

40
Q

Burkholderia mallei - Glanders was formerly ________ ______.

A

Pseudomonas mallei

41
Q

Burkholderia mallei - Glanders is gram-______, ___-motile, ______ coccobacillus.

A

negative, non, aerobic
can replicate in phagocytic cells?

42
Q

Burkholderia mallei - Glanders is a _______ ________ pathogen.

A

facultative, intracellular

43
Q

Burkholderia mallei is the causative agent of ________ in horses, donkeys, and mules.

A

Glanders

44
Q

Burkholderia mallei - Glanders has been reported in what countries?

A

Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Central/South America

45
Q

Burkholderia mallei - Glanders is a Category __ ________ agent by the CDC

A

B, bioterrorism

46
Q

What can be seen?

A

Burkholderia mallei - Glanders

47
Q

B. mallei – Virulence factors

A
  1. Capsule
  2. LPS
  3. Multiple secretion systems
  4. Quorum sensing mechanisms
  5. Adhesion proteins and fimbriae
48
Q

B. mallei causes ________ in horses and is considered a ______, ______, _______, ________ disease

A

glanders, contagious, sporadic, endemic, zoonotic

49
Q

B. mallei – Glanders in horses is transmitted from horses to ______ or to ___-_____ species via what routes?

A

humans, non-equine, contact, ingestion, inhalation

50
Q

Horses with Glanders are characterized by the formation of ______ and _____ on
the ____ and in the ________ tract

A

nodules, ulcers, skin, respiratory

51
Q

The acute form of Glanders causes?

A

fever, septicemia, pneumonia

52
Q

The chronic form of Glanders causes?

A
  1. Pulmonary form
  2. Cutaneous form (farcy)
  3. Nasal form
53
Q

The pulmonary form of Glanders causes?

A

Tubercle-like lesion (nodules)

54
Q

The cutaneous form of Glanders causes?

A

Nodules, ulcers, yellowish pus

55
Q

The nasal form of Glanders causes?

A

Ulcerative nodules, Nasal discharge

56
Q
A

Glanders: Pulmonary form
Black, miliary nodules in the lung; can be calcified and spread disease to other parts of the respiratory tract

57
Q
A

Ulcers
Glanders: Cutaneous forms (Farcy)

58
Q
A

Healing ulcers and scars
Glanders: Cutaneous forms (Farcy)

59
Q
A

Ulcers
Glanders: Cutaneous form (Farcy)

60
Q
A

Glanders: Nasal form
Mucopurulent nasal discharge

61
Q
A

Glanders: Nasal form
Nodules and ulcers in the nasal conchae

62
Q

What specimens should you collect from your patient if you suspect that your patient is B. mallei?

A

Pus, wound swabs, etc.

63
Q

What media should you use to isolate B. mallei?

A
  1. Media containing 1% glycerol (no growth on MacConkey agar)
  2. Incubated aerobically at 37°C for 2-3 days
64
Q

What tests would you use to identify B. mallei?

A

Identification for isolates:
Biochemical tests, PCR, real-time PCR

65
Q

What serological tests would you use to identify antibodies against B. mallei?

A

Serological tests (identification of antibodies)
- Specimen: Blood
- Complement Fixation (CF) test (approved by the OIE)
- Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-western blot
- Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA)
-Competitive ELISA (C-ELISA)

Should be performed with a second test?

66
Q
A

B. mallei

67
Q

What test has been performed here? For what reason

A

B. mallei – Diagnosis
The Mallein test
Left = negative
Right = positive

Similar to tuberculin skin test.
Mallein is a glycoprotein extracted from B. Mallei;,used as antigen to skin in lower eye lid or under skin in the middle of the neck. The horse is then monitored for swelling of the lower eye lid or neck.

Can use it for anticomplementary sera ; medicatio or infection?

68
Q

Specimens collected from patients infected with B. mallei should be processed in ?

A

a biohazard cabinet

69
Q

You can control B. mallei by 1. Effective ______ and ______ with a contact time of __ hours. The disinfectants you can use are?
2. ______ therapy (in _____ areas; ______ in the U.S.) using?

Unfortunately, there no ____.

A

cleaning, disinfection, 6
 Formalin (1.5%)
 Iodophor (2%)
 Sodium hydrochloride
 70% ethanol etc.

Antibiotic, endemic, euthanasia

 Tetracyclines – Doxycycline
 Sulfonamides – Sulfadiazine/Trimethoprim (TMP)
 Ciprofloxacin, Streptomycin, Novobiocin, Gentamicin,
Imipenem, Ceftrazidime

vaccine

Treatment is prolonged and often ineffective.
Treatment in US is not allowed in the US; should be returned to country of origin or euthanized.

70
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei – Melioidosis
Gram- ______, _____, _____ bacillus
 _______ staining –> referred to as ________ ___ appearance.
A facultative _______ pathogen
Can stay ______ for years. Naturally found in ___ and ___
The causative agent of _______.
Endemic in ______ _____ and northern _____, and _____ pacific. More common in ______ climates.
 ________ in many organs
Known as ______ disease or ______. Clinical ? in horses. Melliodoises caused by contact with env while glander is caused by contact with infected animals.
A Category __ bioterrorism agent by the CDC

A

negative, aerobic, motile, Bipolar, safety pin, intracellular, dormant, soil, water, melioidosis, southeast Asia , Australia, south, Abscesses, Abscesses, Whitmore’s, pseudoglanders, B

71
Q
A

Burkholderia pseudomallei – Melioidosis
Safety pin appearance

72
Q

B. pseudomallei – Virulence factors

A
  1. Capsule
  2. LPS
  3. Multiple secretion systems
  4. Quorum sensing (Biofilm)
  5. Type IV pili
73
Q

Clinical infection of B. Pseudomallei causes:
* _____ skin _____
* _____ _____ formation
* _________ formation
* Chronic ______
* Acute _______

A

Local, ulcers, Chronic abscess, Granuloma, pneumonia, septicemia

74
Q

What are the animal hosts of B. pseudomallei ?

A

Sheep, goats, pigs, horses. dogs, cats, cattle, people

75
Q

B. pseudomallei infection in sheep causes

A

Lung abscesses and pneumonia

76
Q

B. pseudomallei infection in goats causes

A

Mastitis

77
Q

B. pseudomallei infection in pigs causes

A

Asymptomatic lesions
on the spleen

78
Q

B. pseudomallei infection in horses causes

A

Pseudoglanders

79
Q

B. pseudomallei infection in dogs causes

A

Abscess formation of
multiple organs

80
Q

B. pseudomallei infection in cats causes

A

Abscess formation of
multiple organs

81
Q

B. pseudomallei infection in cows causes

A

Pneumonia, or central nervous system disease

82
Q

B. pseudomallei infection in cows causes

A

Pneumonia

83
Q

B. pseudomallei infection in people causes

A

Pneumonia and abscesses
Subclinical disease

84
Q

What specimens would you collect from your patient if you suspected it was infected with B. pseudomallei?

A

Pus from abscesses, affected tissues, and blood

85
Q

How would you isolate from B. pseudomallei from the samples you collected?

A

 Grown on blood agar and MacConkey agar
 Incubated aerobically at 37°C for 2-3 days
 Greyish-white, non-hemolytic on blood agar

86
Q

How would you identify B. pseudomallei from the samples you collected?

A

 Identification criteria for isolates:
 Colonial morphology and musty odor
 PCR techniques
 Serological tests:
 ELISA,
 Complement fixation test
 Indirect hemagglutination test

87
Q
A

B. pseudomallei
Blood agar

88
Q

How would you treat your patient if it was infected with B. pseudomallei?

A

Antibiotic therapy (resistant to many; relapses are common), surgical drainage of large abscesses, enucleation in the case of eye infection.

89
Q

Antibiotic therapy for a case of B. pseudomallei: ________ plus ________/__________ or _______ for 2 weeks
followed by oral administration of _________/________, and _______, with or without _________ for 12 to 20 weeks.

A

Ceftazidime, Sulfonamide, trimethoprim, meropenem, sulfonamide, trimethoprim, doxycycline, chloramphenicol,

90
Q

What is the risk of using antibiotic therapy to treat B. pseudomallei?

A

Drug resistance, relapse.

91
Q
A

highlighted in purple = important

Bacteriology/Mycology (40 decks)

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